Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

S Kawai

Publications and source records attributed to S Kawai.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli NAD kinase.

NAD kinase was purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli MG1655. The enzyme was a hexamer consisting of 30 kDa subunits and utilized ATP or other nucleoside triphosphates as phosphoryl donors for the phosphorylation of NAD, most efficiently at pH 7.5 and 60 degrees C. The enzyme could not use inorganic polyphosphates as phosphoryl donors and was designated as ATP-NAD kinase. The N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the purified enzyme was encoded by yfjB, which had been deposited as a gene of unknown function in the E. coli whole genomic DNA sequence database. yfjB was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. The purified product (YfjB) showed NAD kinase activity, and was identical to ATP-NAD kinase purified from E. coli MG1655 in molecular structure and other enzymatic properties. The deduced amino-acid sequence of YfjB exhibited homology with that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inorganic polyphosphate/ATP-NAD kinase [Kawai, S., Mori, S., Mukai, T., Suzuki, S., Hashimoto, W., Takeshi, Y. & Murata, K. (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 276, 57-63], and those of many hypothetical proteins for which functions have not yet been revealed. The YfjB homologues were considered to be NAD kinases and alignment of their sequences revealed highly conserved regions, XXX-XGGDG-XL and DGXXX-TPTGSTAY, where X represents a hydrophobic amino-acid residue.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2001

Gray matter of the bovine cervical spinal cord is mechanically more rigid and fragile than the white matter.

The gray matter of the cervical spinal cord has been thought to be equally or less rigid than the white matter. Based on this assumption, various studies have been conducted on the changes of stress distributions within the spinal cord under mechanical compression, although the mechanical properties of the white and gray matters had not been fully elucidated. The present study measured the mechanical properties of the white and gray matter of bovine spinal cords. For both the white and gray matter, the stress-strain curves had a nonlinear region, followed by a linear region, and then a region where the stresses plateaued before failure. In the nonlinear region, stress was not significantly different between the gray and white matter samples (strain approximately 0-10%), while stress and Young's modulus in the gray matter was significantly higher than the white matter in the linear part of the curve. The gray matter ruptured at lower strains than the white matter. These findings demonstrated the gray matter is more rigid and fragile than the white matter, and the conventional assumption (i.e., the white matter is more rigid than the gray matter) is not correct. We then applied our data to computer simulations using the finite element method, and confirmed that simulations agreed with actual magnetic resonance imaging findings of the spinal cord under compression. In future computer simulations, including finite element method using our data, changes in stress and strain within the cervical spinal cord under compression would be clarified in more detail, and our findings would also help to elucidate the area which can easily receive histologic damage or which could have hemodynamic disorders under mechanical compression, as well as severity and location of biochemical and molecular biological changes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Modulation of reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells by peroxynitrite-treated lipoproteins.

Peroxynitrite has been implicated in the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, and nitrotyrosine residues in the LDL have been detected in atherosclerotic plaques. Studies have suggested that lipoproteins modified by peroxynitrite lead to the onset of atherosclerotic vascular disease. We therefore prepared in vitro lipoproteins oxidatively modified by peroxynitrite (NO(2)-lipoprotein) and investigated the effect of NO(2)-lipoprotein on the viability of cultured endothelial cells. After exposure of a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to peroxynitrite, some intermolecular complexes of apolipoproteins in HDL were detected on immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies against apolipoprotein AI and AII, suggesting that nitration of HDL by peroxynitrite causes intermolecular cross-linking of the apolipoproteins in the particles. Treatment with 1 mM peroxynitrite increased the 3-nitrotyrosine level to 28.5 mmol/mol of tyrosine residues in the prepared NO(2)-HDL, as quantitated by HPLC, and the amount in NO(2)-lipoprotein depended on the peroxynitrite concentration. HDL exhibited a shorter lag phase and the reaction plateaued more rapidly than that with LDL. To clarify whether or not NO(2)-lipoproteins affect the function of endothelial cells, we first examined the viability of cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) exposed to NO(2)-lipoproteins. Incubation with either NO(2)-HDL or NO(2)-LDL significantly reduced the HAEC viability at 72 h. The results of RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that NO(2)-HDL markedly suppressed at 48 h not only the expressed levels of mRNA and protein but also the activity of catalase in HAECs. In contrast, NO(2)-LDL significantly reduced the expression and activity of Cu(2+),Zn(2+)-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) in the cells. Neither NO(2)-HDL nor NO(2)-LDL interfered with nitric oxide production or expression of cyclooxygenases and NADPH oxidase in HAECs. Increased radical production in NO(2)-lipoprotein-treated HAECs implied that reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals may contribute to the mechanism of the toxic effect induced in endothelial cells by NO(2)-lipoprotein. Overall, NO(2)-lipoprotein may lead to deterioration of the vascular function through these endothelial cell responses.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed2001

Involvement of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the pathological ossification process of the spinal ligament.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the function of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the ossification of the spinal ligament (OSL). METHODS: Total RNA was prepared from the cultured spinal ligament cells from patients with OSL and analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using specific primers for BMP-2. BMP-2 mRNA expression in ligament tissues was examined by in situ hybridization. Spinal ligament cells from patients without OSL were treated with BMP-2 and examined for alkaline phosphatase activity. RESULTS: Expression of the BMP-2 gene was detected in cultured spinal ligament cells. In ligament tissues, BMP-2 mRNA was present in the chondrocyte-like cells in the fibrocartilage zone. Exogenous BMP-2 increased alkaline phosphatase activity in spinal ligament cells from patients without OSL. CONCLUSION: The BMP-2 gene is expressed in the spinal ligaments of OSL patients, and exogenous BMP-2 stimulates osteogenic differentiation of spinal ligament cells. The expression of BMP-2 in the spinal ligaments could be a clue in elucidating how heterotrophic osteogenesis develops in ligament tissue.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Novel alpha-amylase that is highly resistant to chelating reagents and chemical oxidants from the alkaliphilic Bacillus isolate KSM-K38.

A novel alpha-amylase (AmyK38) was found in cultures of an alkaliphilic Bacillus isolate designated KSM-K38. Based on the morphological and physiological characteristics and phylogenetic position as determined by 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing and DNA-DNA reassociation analysis, it was suggested that the isolate was a new species of the genus Bacillus. The enzyme had an optimal pH of 8.0 to 9.5 and displayed maximum catalytic activity at 55 to 60 degrees C. The apparent molecular mass was approximately 55 kDa, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the isoelectric point was around pH 4.2. This enzyme efficiently hydrolyzed various carbohydrates to yield maltotriose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, and, in addition, maltose as major end products after completion of the reaction. The activity was not prevented at all by EDTA and EGTA at concentrations as high as 100 mM. Moreover, AmyK38 was highly resistant to chemical oxidation and maintained more than 80% of its original activity even after incubation for 1 h in the presence of excess H2O2 (1.8 M).

Bacillus↗
PubMed2001

Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: investigation using human peripheral monocytes.

Since the pharmacological profiles of various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) might depend on their differing selectivity for cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and 2 (COX-2), we developed a new screening method using human peripheral monocytes. Monocytes from healthy volunteers were separated, and the cells were incubated with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Monocytes without LPS stimulation exclusively expressed COX-1 on Western blotting analysis, whereas LPS stimulation induced COX-2 expression. Unstimulated monocytes (COX-1) and LPS-stimulated monocytes (COX-2) were then used to determinethe COX selectivity of various NSAIDs. The respective mean IC50 values for COX-1 and COX-2 IC50 (microM), and the COX-1/COX-2 ratio of each NSAID were as follows: celecoxib, 82, 6.8, 12; diclofenac, 0.076, 0.026, 2.9; etodolac, > 100, 53, > 1.9; ibuprofen, 12, 80, 0.15; indometacin, 0.0090, 0.31, 0.029; meloxicam, 37, 6.1, 6.1; 6-MNA (the active metabolite of nabumetone), 149, 230, 0.65; NS-398, 125, 5.6, 22; piroxicam, 47, 25, 1.9; rofecoxib, > 100, 25, > 4.0; S-2474, > 100, 8.9, > 11; SC-560, 0.0048, 1.4, 0.0034. The percentage inhibition of COX-1 activity at the IC50 of COX-2 also showed a wide variation among these NSAIDs. The bioassay system using human monocytes to assess the inhibitory effects of various NSAIDs on COX-1 and COX-2 may become a clinically useful screening method.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2001

Sonic hedgehog increases the commitment of pluripotent mesenchymal cells into the osteoblastic lineage and abolishes adipocytic differentiation.

The proteins of the hedgehog (Hh) family regulate various aspects of development. Recently, members of this family have been shown to regulate skeletal formation in vertebrates and to control both chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) on the osteoblastic and adipocytic commitment/differentiation. Recombinant N-terminal Shh (N-Shh) significantly increased the percentage of both the pluripotent mesenchymal cell lines C3H10T1/2 and ST2 and calvaria cells responding to bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), in terms of osteoblast commitment as assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. This synergistic effect was mediated, at least partly, through the positive modulation of the transcriptional output of BMPs via Smad signaling. Furthermore, N-Shh was found to abolish adipocytic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells both in the presence or absence of BMP-2. A short treatment with N-Shh was sufficient to dramatically reduce the levels of the adipocytic-related transcription factors C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma in both C3H10T1/2 and calvaria cell cultures. Given the inverse relationship between marrow adipocytes and osteoblasts with aging, agonists of the Hh signaling pathway might constitute potential drugs for preventing and/or treating osteopenic disorders.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed2001

[A checking system for contraindications using a prescription, injection and disease name ordering system and its evaluation].

It is important to administer appropriate agents to inpatients and outpatients with various conditions. In addition to the preparation and guidance for taking drugs, we should always consider the patient's basic information including age, history of allergy, name of disease, and history of examination. In particular, information on contraindications may have serious effects on patients, and must be checked most strictly. However, it is impossible to do routine work after obtaining all information such as the patient's basic information that are serially changing, drug history frequently revised, and a large volume of information on medication. In this study, we developed a prescription surveillance system. This system facilitates real-time checking of the names of diseases that correspond to contraindications as a rule, drug interactions, and administration to elderly patients and pregnant women on attached documents for medicines, utilizing prescription orders, injection orders, and disease name orders. This system facilitates efficient and accurate checking even in the following cases: when a prescription involves another department; when several prescriptions on different prescription dates occur; when a combination of an oral agent and an injection is contraindicated; or when an agent that can not be administered due to the patient's disease is prescribed. Therefore, all pharmacists can detect prescriptions involving agents that are contraindicated regardless of job skill. Pharmacists may contribute to higher quality medical practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Roles of mast cells and histamine in mosquito bite-induced allergic itch-associated responses in mice.

We investigated itch-associated responses (scratching) to mosquito bites and the role of histamine and mast cells in mosquito-induced itching in mice. Although the first bites of mosquito Aedes albopictus did not increase scratching, repeated bites increased scratching. The response was not diminished even after an interval of 2 months. Similarly, repeated intradermal (i.d.) injections of salivary gland extract (SGE) from Aedes albopictus increased scratching after SGE injection itself and mosquito bites. The scratching peaked within 10 min and almost subsided by 60 min. The opioid antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg, s.c.) inhibited scratching following SGE injection. Although the non-sedative H1-histamine-receptor antagonist terfenadine (30 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly suppressed scratching induced by histamine (100 nmol/site, i.d.) in either naive or mosquito-sensitized mice, it did not affect mosquito-induced scratching in mosquito-sensitized mice. Repeated injections of SGE increased scratching in mast cell-deficient (WBB6F1-W/Wv) mice as well as in normal (WBB6F1-+/+) littermates. Repeated exposure to mosquito bites roughly doubled serum concentrations of total IgE and IgG1, but not IgG2a. Repeated injections of SGE markedly increased plasma extravasation induced by mosquito bites and such an increase was almost completely suppressed by terfenadine (30 mg/kg, p.o.). The results show the presence of histamine-mediated and histamine-independent mechanisms in cutaneous itching and suggest that histamine probably released from mast cells does not play an important role in itching in immediate allergic reaction. Our murine model of mosquito itching may be useful for studying the mechanisms of immediate allergic itching.

Aedes↗
PubMed2001

Solitary neurofibroma of the nasal cavity: resection with endoscopic surgery.

We present a case of neurofibroma of the nasal cavity treated by endoscopic surgery. A 71-year-old female had complained of left-sided nasal obstruction for the past four years. Anterior rhinoscopy, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a tumour involving the left nasal cavity. Histological and immunohistochemical examination showed the tumour to be a neurofibroma. The tumour was resected with endoscopic surgery. Neurofibroma arising in the area of the nose and paranasal sinuses is rare. We discuss the clinical and pathological characters of neurofibroma arising in the nasal cavity.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Establishment of a mass-production system for NADP using bacterial inorganic polyphosphate/ATP-NAD kinase.

The inorganic polyphosphate/ATP-dependent NAD kinase (Ppnk) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was applied to the mass-production of NADP from NAD and inorganic polyphosphate (metaphosphate). When Ppnk purified from recombinant Escherichia coli cells overexpressing the M. tuberculosis Ppnk was used, 30 mM (27 g/l) NADP was produced from 50 mM NAD and 100 mg/ml metaphosphate at 37 degrees C and pH 7.0. The recombinant E. coli cells were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel, and treated with acetone to render the cells permeable to substrates and products. When acetone-treated immobilized cells were used, 16 mM (14 g/l) NADP was produced from 50 mM NAD and 100 mg/ml metaphosphate at 37 degrees C and pH 7.0. The isolation of NADP formed in the reaction mixture was easy because of the absence of by-products (ATP degradation compounds), and this NADP production system using purified Ppnk or immobilized recombinant E. coli cells expressing Ppnk is thought to be feasible in the production of NADP on an industrial scale.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Purification and properties of a galacturonic acid-releasing exopolygalacturonase from a strain of Bacillus.

An exopolygalacturonase [exo-PGase; poly (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonide) galacturonohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.67] was found to be extracellularly produced by Bacillus sp. strain KSM-P443. The exo-PGase was purified to homogeneity, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, through sequential column chromatographies. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 45,000 and an isoelectric point of pH 5.8. The N-terminal sequence was Ser-Met-Gln-Lys-Ile-Lys-Asp-Glu-Ile-Leu-Lys-Thr-Leu-Lys-Val-Pro-Val-Phe and had no sequence similarity to those of other pectinolytic enzymes reported to date. Maximum activity toward polygalacturonic acid (PGA) was observed at 60 degrees C and at pH 7.0 in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer without requiring any metal ions. When the chain length of oligogalacturonic acids increased, the apparent Km for them decreased, but the kcat values increased. This is the first bacterial exo-PGase that releases exclusively mono-galacturonic acid from PGA, di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-galacturonic acids.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2001

Inverse correlation between the changes of lumbar bone mineral density and serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin after vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) treatment in children treated with glucocorticoid and alfacalcidol.

We have reported that alfacalcidol plus menatetrenone, a vitamin K2 with four isoprene units (menaquinone-4), treatment is useful for improving bone problems in children with skeletal unloading. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of menatetrenone on bone metabolism in long-term glucocorticoid-treated children with alfacalcidol treatment. Twenty children who had been treated with fixed dosages of prednisolone and alfacalcidol (0.03 microg/kg/day) for 24 weeks were enrolled in a prospective pilot study, and assigned to receive alfacalcidol (0.03 microg/kg/day) or alfacalcidol (0.03 microg/kg/day) plus menatetrenone (approximately 2 mg/kg/day). Bone biochemical markers and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured at baseline and after the 12-week treatment. In the group receiving alfacalcidol plus menatetrenone, serum carboxylated osteocalcin (OC) (p =0.0022) and lumbar BMD (p=0.0029) increased and serum undercarboxylated OC (p=0.0004) decreased significantly in comparison to the group receiving alfacalcidol; further, the change of lumbar BMD showed an inverse correlation to the change of serum undercarboxylated OC (r=-0.744, p=0.0134) and positive correlations to the baseline values of bone turnover markers such as serum levels of intact OC, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and type I procollagen carboxyl extension peptide and urinary levels of deoxypyridinoline and N-telopeptide of type I collagen. No adverse effect was observed. This is a small short-term study, but its results suggest that menatetrenone effectively and safely increases lumbar BMD probably through carboxylation of OC in long-term prednisolone-treated children with alfacalcidol treatment who have a high bone turnover. Randomized double-blind controlled trials are needed to confirm our findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Worst-case prediction strategy in force programming when visual information is obstructed.

A person's strategy for applying force while lifting an object is dependent upon visual cues. This study investigated the alteration of strategy in force programming when visual information about an object's size was obstructed at the moment of lifting. Seven subjects were instructed to use a precision grip for repeated lifts of a cube-like grip apparatus attached to a box. The grip apparatus was a special device designed to measure grip and load forces. Three different-sized plastic boxes of equal weight were pseudorandomly presented by attaching them beneath the grip apparatus to the subjects in two visual conditions. In the Full-vision condition, subjects could view the box's size prior to lifting. In the Obstructed-vision condition, a screen prevented subjects from seeing the box size prior to lifting. In the Full-vision condition, the grip force and load force used by subjects on the grip apparatus increased with box size. In contrast, the subjects in the Obstructed-vision condition used forces appropriate for the largest box regardless of box size. The present results suggest that absence of size information may cause an alteration of strategy used to determine force output in that subjects may apply a maximum force adequate for the largest box, which could be called a "worst-case" prediction strategy, i.e., when there is doubt, the most secure lift may be selected for all possible cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1999)].

From October 1999 to September 2000, we collected the specimen from 430 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 17 institutions in Japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics and patients' characteristics. Of 515 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in inflammation, 506 strains were investigated. The breakdown of the isolated bacteria were: Staphylococcus aureus 78, Streptococcus pneumoniae 101, Haemophilus influenzae 104, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (non-mucoid) 58, P. aeruginosa (mucoid) 11, Moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrhalis 41, Klebsiella pneumoniae 18, etc. Of 78 S. aureus strains, those with 4 micrograms/ml or above of MIC of oxacillin (methicillin-resistant S. aureus: MRSA) occupied 57.7%. Vancomycin and arbekacin showed the most potent activities against MRSA without detection of ABK-resistant strain (MIC: 64 micrograms/ml) and decrease of VCM-sensitive strains those were found in 1998. The frequency of S. pneumoniae exhibiting low sensitivity to penicillin (penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae: PISP + penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae: PRSP) decreased to 34.7% from 46.0% in 1998. The frequency of PRSP was 3.0%, being the least number after 1991. Carbapenems showed strong activities against S. pneumoniae. Especially, panipenem inhibited the growth of all 101 strains with MIC of 0.063 microgram/ml. Generally, all drugs showed strong activities against H. influenzae with MIC80s of 4 micrograms/ml or below. MICs of ofloxacin ranged between 0.063 microgram/ml and 4 micrograms/ml in 1998, however, those were 0.125 microgram/ml or below in all H. influenzae in 1999 showing the strongest activity. Tobramycin and ciprofloxacin showed strong activities against P. aeruginosa (both mucoid and non-mucoid) with MIC80s of 1 microgram/ml. Number of isolated P. aeruginosa (mucoid) was little as 11, however, the susceptibilities to all drugs were better than P. aeruginosa (non-mucoid). K. pneumoniae showed good susceptibilities to all drugs except for ampicillin with decreasing of low-sensitive strains compared to those detected in 1998. Also, all drugs generally showed strong activities against M. (B.) catarrhalis. MIC80s of all drugs were 2 micrograms/ml or below. The drug which showed the strongest activity was imipenem inhibiting all 41 strains with MIC of 0.063 microgram/ml. On the patients' characteristics, the number of patients aged 80 years or older who had been increased was decreased in 1999 in the distribution by age. The percentage of the elderly patients aged 70 years or older was 47.0%, which occupied almost a half number of the total patients as in the last year. As for the incidence by disease, bacterial pneumonia and chronic bronchitis were the highest. They were noted in 37.9% and 30.5% of the patients, respectively. In 1999, bronchial asthma was frequently observed as compared in recent years. It was noted in about 10% of the patients which is the same % as in bronchiectasis. We examined the number of strains from these patients with infections before and after administration of antibiotics. In patients with bacterial pneumonia, the number of isolated strains was almost the same between those before and after administration. However, in patients with chronic bronchitis, the number of strains remarkably decreased to less than the half of the total after administration of antibiotics in the last year, but it decreased to 2/3 of the total in 1999. On the administration of antibiotics and isolated bacteria by the day of administration, the bacteria which were isolated more before administration were H. influenzae in 28.4%, S. pneumoniae in 25.7%, M. (B.) catarrhalis in 12.0% and S. aureus in 10.6%. The frequency of S. aureus after administration over 15 days was almost the same as that before administration, but the frequency of P. aeruginosa (both mucoid and non-mucoid) was 36.8% which was higher than that before administration. The frequency of isolated S. pneumoniae was decreased after administration and none of them was isolated after completion of administration. However, that of H. influenzae was decreased to 7.1% after administration within 3 days, and many H. influenzae were isolated after completion of administration as 21.4%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Effect of combination chemotherapy with nedaplatin and 5-FU for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma].

Nedaplatin (254-S), which is a cisplatin (CDDP) analog, is an effective agent for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). 254-S is expected to play an important role in neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for HNSCC in place of CDDP. We have been using combination chemotherapy including CDDP, 5-FU, MTX and LV. The response rate and CR rate of this 4-drug combined chemotherapy are 87% and 33%. Thirty-six patients with HNSCC were treated with 5-FU, 800 mg/m2/day for 5 days and 254-S, 100 mg/m2 on day 4. Chemotherapy was discontinued in one patient because of allergic shock. Three patients showed a CR and 10 patients showed a PR. The response rate and CR rate of 254-S plus 5-FU chemotherapy were 37.1% and 8.6%. These were inferior to those with the 4-drug combined chemotherapy. Fourteen percent of patients showed grade 3 leukocytopenia, and 17% showed more than grade 3 thrombocytopenia. The effect of combination chemotherapy of 254-S and 5-FU was inferior to that of the previous chemotherapy including CDDP, 5-FU, MTX and LV. Further study or another combination therapy including 254-S will be essential for improving efficacy against HNSCC.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗