Influence of genetic background on knockout mouse phenotypes.
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S Kallapur
Publications and source records attributed to S Kallapur.
The surfactants.
Surfactants have been routinely used since 1990 for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The use of surfactant has coincided with a decrease in mortality in infants due to RDS. This review focuses on clinical aspects of surfactant use. New information, particularly effects of ventilatory styles on surfactant function, is presented.
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Lung injury and surfactant metabolism after hyperventilation of premature lambs.
We asked whether lung injury and surfactant metabolism differed in preterm lambs after a 1-h period of hyperventilation to P(CO2) values of 25-30 mm Hg. The lambs then were surfactant treated and conventionally ventilated (CV) or high-frequency oscillatory ventilated (HFOV) for an additional 1 or 8 h. The results were compared with lambs that were not hyperventilated or surfactant treated but were ventilated with CV or HFOV. The 1-h hyperventilation resulted in increased alveolar protein, increased recovery of intravascular [131I]albumin in the lungs, and an increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA. There were no differences between CV or HFOV in alveolar or total lung recoveries of saturated phosphatidylcholine (Sat PC), tracer doses of [14C]Sat PC and [125I]surfactant protein-B, or in percent Sat PC in large aggregate surfactant in surfactant-treated lambs. The lambs not hyperventilated or treated with surfactant had lower large aggregate pools and lower recoveries of [14C]Sat PC and [125I]surfactant protein-B in total lungs than for the surfactant-treated lungs, but there were no differences between the CV and HFOV groups. Hyperventilation followed by surfactant treatment resulted in a mild injury, but the subsequent use of CV or HFOV did not result in differences in surfactant metabolism.
Animals↗
Strain dependency of TGFbeta1 function during embryogenesis.
There is incomplete penetrance to Tgfb1 knockout phenotypes. About 50% of Tgfb1 homozygous mutant (Tgfb1-/-) and 25% of Tgfb1 heterozygous (Tgfb1+/-) embryos die during embryogenesis. In a mixed NIH/Ola x C57BL/6J/Ola x 129 background partial embryonic lethality of the Tgfb1-/-embryos occurs due to defective yolk sac vasculopoiesis and/or hematopoiesis. We show here that on a predominantly CF-1 genetic background, lack of TGFbeta1 causes a pre-morula lethality in about 50% of the null embryos. This partial lethality is not reversed by transfer of Tgfb1-/- embryos to Tgfb1-/+ hosts. The extent of embryonic lethality in Tgfb1-/- embryos ranges in a background dependent manner from 20% to 100%. Based on these and other studies it is clear that TGFbeta1 acts at two distinct phases of embryogenesis: pre-implantation development and yolk sac vasculogenesis/hematopoiesis. The susceptibility for the pre-implantation lethality depends on a small number of genetic modifiers since a small number of backcrosses onto the high susceptibility strain C57BL/6 leads to complete penetrance of the lethality.
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