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Biomedical subjects

S K Lee

Publications and source records attributed to S K Lee.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Interpostion vein graft in living donor liver transplantation.

UNLABELLED: In adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), right lobe grafts without a middle hepatic vein can cause hepatic congestion and disturbance of venous drainage. To solve this problem, various types of interposition vein graft have been used. OBJECTIVES: We used various types of interposition vein grafts for drainage of the paramedian portion of the right lobe in living donor liver transplantation. METHODS: From June 1996 to June 2003, 37 of 176 patients (128 adults, 48 pediatric) who underwent LDLT received vein grafts for drainage of segments V, VIII, or the inferior portion of the right lobe. RESULTS: In 36 adult cases the reconstruction included the inferior mesenteric vein of the donor (n = 14); cadaveric iliac vein stored at cold (4 degrees C) temperature (n = 5); cryopreserved (-180 degrees C) cadaveric iliac vein (n = 10); cryopreserved cadaveric iliac artery (n = 1 case); donor ovarian vein (n = 1); recipient umbilical vein (n = 3); recipient saphenous vein (n = 1); recipient left portal vein (n = 1); recipient left hepatic vein (n = 1). In a pediatric case with malignant hemangioendothelioma that encased and compressed the inferior vena cava, we used an interposition vein graft to replace the inferior vena cava. CONCLUSION: Various types of interposition vein grafts can be used in living donor liver transplantation. Cryopreserved cadaveric iliac vein and artery are useful to solve these drainage problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Case of living donor liver transplantation in a patient with biliary atresia combined with situs inversus.

Until recently, situs inversus was considered to be an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation. However, recent reports have suggested that situs inversus should not be considered a contraindication. This study presents a successful living donor liver transplantation performed in a 4-month-old male infant with biliary atresia and situs inversus. The surgical findings revealed abdominal situs inversus with polysplenia and an absent retrohepatic inferior vena cava and intestinal malrotation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of human polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplant recipients.

Human polyomavirus type BK may be related to interstitial nephropathy or renal-allograft dysfunction. Patients with nephropathy due to infection with human polyomavirus may be identified early using the polymerase chain reaction(PCR). We attempted to evaluate whether the positive response in the PCR test of BK virus DNA in the plasma of renal transplant recipients affects the function of the renal allograft. Seventy-seven patients were prospectively analyzed according to the operative sex, age, sources of allograft, serum creatinine levels during PCR test for BK virus, postoperative type of immunosuppressant, and presence of graft rejection. Two groups were distinguished according to the PCR result for BK virus: group 1 (n = 12) positive PCR reaction and group 2 (n = 65) negative reaction. The mean follow-up was 32.6 weeks. The incidence of positive PCR tests for BK virus replication after renal transplantation was 15.6%. Decoy cells in the urine were detected in 20.7%. The incidence of BK virus nephropathy was 1.3%. The mean serum creatinine levels of group 1 and 2 at the time of the PCR tests were 1.34 and 1.22, respectively. The rejection rates in group 1 and 2 were 8% and 4.5%, respectively (P > .05). We consider that a PCR assay to detect BK virus in renal recipients blood may be useful to identify patients at risk for nephropathy. It may serve as a noninvasive indicator of BK virus replication, although this study is limited by the short follow-up and small numbers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Changes in expression of T-cell activation-related molecules and cytokines during tolerance induction in an allogeneic skin transplantation murine model.

Bone marrow transplantation after treatment with busulfan and costimulatory blockade with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4)-Ig and anti-CD154 mAb or two-signal blockade using anti-CD45RB and anti-CD154 mAb are nonmyeloablative treatment regimens for allogeneic transplantation. There may be differences in the mechanisms of donor cell engraftment and reactive cell deletion by which these regimens induce donor-specific tolerance. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate changes in T cells and cytokines during tolerance induction toward allogeneic skin grafts. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were used as donors and recipients, respectively. Skin and bone marrow transplantations were performed and busulfan was administered. Three groups were treated with mAb as follows: group 1, anti-CD154 mAb; group 2, anti-CD154 plus anti-CD45RB mAb; and group 3, anti-CD154 mAb plus CTLA4-Ig. The proportions of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells and the expression of CD45RB isoforms on splenocytes were measured using flow cytometry and the production of cytokines by CD4+ T cells using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Group 2 showed a significant reduction in the proportions of CD8+ T cells and CD45RB high isoforms compared with groups 1 and 3. The levels of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 in group 2 were lower and higher than those of groups 1 and 3, respectively. In conclusion, the combined use of anti-CD154 and anti-CD45RB mAb decreases the CD8+ T-cell population and the expression of CD45RB, resulting in a Th2 cytokine profile, which may be a characteristic mechanism leading to donor cell engraftment and reactive cell deletion for donor-specific tolerance.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of panel-reactive antibody positivity on graft rejection before or after kidney transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Because it is well known that kidney transplant recipients with preformed lymphocytotoxic antibodies against HLA antigens have increased graft rejection rates, a serological crossmatch is routinely performed before kidney transplantation. But, the presence of these antibodies is not routinely monitored after transplantation. We investigated the panel-reactive antibody (PRA) response to know whether variations before or after kidney transplantation were associated with graft rejection. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed sera from 350 renal allograft recipients from September 1998 to March 2003. Pretransplantation and posttransplantation sera at 3 or 5 weeks postoperatively were tested in PRA. Recipients were stratified into 3 groups according to their PRA levels group I, PRA = 0; group II, PRA = less than 50%, and group III, PRA = more than 50%. RESULTS: The total graft rejection rate among 350 recipients was 9.4% (n = 33). Twenty-four pretransplantation PRA-positive recipients had a graft rejection rate of 20.8% (n = 5), compared with an 8.6% (n = 28) rate among 326 pretransplantation PRA-negative recipients. Six of 24 posttransplantation PRA-positive recipients (25%) experienced a graft rejection versus 27 (8.3%) of 326 posttransplantation PRA-negative subjects. Among the pretransplantation PRA stratae, the rejection rate in group III was 25% (1 of 4) versus 20% (4 of 20) in group II and 8.6% (28 of 326) in group I (P < .05). According to the postransplantation PRA level, 37.5% (3 of 8) in group III versus 18.8% (3 of 16) in group II and 8.3% (27 of 326) in group I (P < .05) had a graft rejection. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the PRA response pretransplantation and in the early posttransplantation period correlates with the kidney allograft rejection rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric liver transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of risk factors for posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in pediatric liver transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 1996 and June 2002, among 41 pediatric patients who underwent liver transplantation, 7 died in the postoperative period. Thirty-five patients, including 1 patient who died of PTLD, were reviewed. Based on the serology results, patients were divided into a high-risk group (EBV-naive recipients of EBV-positive grafts) and a low-risk group (patients other than those in the high-risk group). RESULTS: Five of 41 patients (12.2%) developed PTLD. All of them belonged to the high-risk group. The incidence of PTLD in the high-risk group was 31.3% (5 of 16). The mean duration between operation and diagnosis for PTLD was 9.8 months. Primary EBV infection developed at a median of 6 months after transplantation. Three of 5 patients developed rejection before the diagnosis of PTLD. One patient was diagnosed with laryngeal and gastrointestinal PTLD, whereas the other 4 had gastrointestinal PTLD. They experienced the following symptoms and signs: anemia (100%), hypoalbuminemia (100%), fever (80%), diarrhea (80%), gastrointestinal bleeding (80%), and anorexia (60%). CONCLUSION: The common features of PTLD development were as follows: (1) EBV-positive donors placed into EBV-naive recipients, (2) primary EBV infection approximately 6 months after transplantation, (3) young age, 1 year old at operation, and (4) requirement for intensive posttransplantation immunosuppression.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Prevention of de novo hepatitis B infection from HbcAb-positive donors in living donor liver transplantation.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) prophylaxis is necessary to prevent de novo hepatitis B infection from HbcAb-positive donors. However, which protocol is more effective is somewhat controversial. Also, it is uncertain whether it is necessary to administer HBV prophylaxis for HbsAb-positive recipients. This study attempted to determine whether it is necessary to administer HBV prophylaxis for HbsAb-positive patients and to evaluate the efficacy of an HBIG monotherapy protocol. From May 1996 to July 2001, among 128 donors examined for HbcAb, 58 donors (45.3%) were HbcAb-positive. Eighteen HbcAb-positive grafts were transplanted to HbsAg-negative recipients. The 4 patients who died of unrelated causes were excluded from this study. Of 14 study cases, 12 recipients were HbsAb-positive, and 2 were HbsAb-naive. Prior to late 1998, we used HBV vaccination only for de novo infection prophylaxis. However, starting from December 1998, HBIG was administered from the time of the liver transplantation regardless of HBsAb positivity. The overall rate of de novo HBV infections from HbcAb-positive donors was 21.4% (3 of 14). All 3 recipients without HBIG prophylaxis presented with de novo HBV infections. Two were HbsAb-positive preoperatively. No de novo HBV infections occurred among recipients with HBIG prophylaxis. Therefore, it is essential to administer HBV prophylaxis even for vaccinated HbsAb-positive patients. HBIG monotherapy is effective to prevent de novo hepatitis B infections from HbcAb-positive donors in living donor liver transplantation.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Can we expand the Milan criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma in living donor liver transplantation?

INTRODUCTION: The Milan criteria, namely, tumors 5 cm or less in diameter in patients with single hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), no more than 3 tumor nodules, and each 3 cm or less in diameter in patients with multiple tumors, are accepted for cadaveric liver allocation. However, in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), graft donation may only depend on the donor's intention. The aim of this study was to elucidate the feasibility of Milan criteria in LDLT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2001 to December 2002, 46 cases of liver transplantation (LT) for HCC included 5 hospital mortalities and 3 cadaveric transplantations, all of which were excluded. We classified the patients into Group I cases that met the Milan criteria and Group II cases that did not meet the Milan criteria. The analyses examined tumor-related risk factors affecting recurrence and survival, such as tumor size, number of tumor nodules, and presence of microvascular and macrovascular invasion. RESULTS: Twenty-one cases belonged to Group I and 17 to Group II. There was no significant difference in the recurrence or survival rates between Groups I and II. The risk factors affecting recurrence were macrovascular invasion and tumor size (5 cm). The number of tumor nodules and microvascular invasion did not appear to affect recurrence. The risk factor affecting survival was macrovascular invasion. CONCLUSION: We suggest that in selected cases the Milan criteria could be extended to increase the number of tumor nodules as long as the HCC were small and did not macrovascular invasion.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2004

Small-for-size graft in adult living-donor liver transplantation.

In the era of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), graft size is related to recipient prognosis. This study was performed to compare the clinical outcomes according to the graft-to-recipient weight ratio (GRWR) in adult LDLT. Seventy-nine adult patients who had undergone LDLT between June 1997 and June 2002 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the GRWR (group I, GRWR < 0.8%, n = 11; group II, GRWR > or = 0.8%, n = 68). The mean follow-up period was 19.4 (range 1 to 48) months. The recipients were 62 men (78.5%) and 17 women (21.5%) of mean age 45.2 (range 18 to 63) years. The overall patient survival rates were 74.7% at 1 year and 70.7% at 2 years. The patient survival rate in group I was 54.6% at 1 year and 40.9% at 2 years, whereas that in group II was 77.9% at 1 year and 75.3% at 2 years, showing a significant difference (P = .03). There were no significant differences in postoperative total bilirubin, transaminase enzyme level, prothrombin time (INR), portal vein flow on Doppler sonography, amount of ascites through the drain, complications, or acute rejection rates between the two groups. In conclusion, the minimum acceptable graft size in an adult-to-adult LDLT is GRWR of 0.8%. This study suggests that careful postoperative management and/or technical modifications during surgery are necessary, because small-for-size grafts (GRWR < 0.8%) result in lower patient survival rates.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Accuracy of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for locating hepatolithiasis and detecting accompanying biliary strictures.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is rapidly replacing diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in various pancreaticobiliary diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of MRCP in detection of hepatolithiasis and accompanying biliary strictures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study over 2 years was conducted in 66 patients with primary intrahepatic stones. All patients with hepatolithiasis underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTC) within 2 weeks of the MRCP examination. The MRCP findings were compared with those of PTC as the reference standard for assessing the location of intrahepatic stones and the presence or absence of accompanying biliary strictures. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRCP for detecting and locating intrahepatic stones were 97 %, 99 %, and 98 %, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRCP for detecting and locating intrahepatic bile duct strictures were 93 %, 97 %, and 97 %, respectively. During PTC, six of the 66 patients (9 %) were found on histology to have intraductal cholangiocarcinoma in stone-bearing ducts, which had not been suspected on MRCP. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, MRCP allowed intrahepatic stones and accompanying biliary strictures to be located accurately. MRCP may therefore be able to replace diagnostic ERCP in patients with primary intrahepatic stones. However, MRCP had a limited ability to reveal concurrent intraductal cholangiocarcinoma associated with hepatolithiasis.

Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic↗
PubMed2004

Suppressive effects of nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression by Calystegia soldanella methanol extract on lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells.

Since nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been found to be involved in various pathophysiological processes, including inflammation and carcinogenesis, the modulators of NO synthesis or expression have been considered as potential anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive agents. In this study, to procure the iNOS inhibitors from natural products, we evaluated 57 methanol extracts of natural products including Korean indigenous plants for the inhibition of NO formation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. As a result, several extracts including those from Actinodaphne lancifolia, Calystegia soldanella, Caryratia japonica, Citrus dachibana, Dystaenia takeshimana, Erysimum aurantiacum, Hovenia undulata, Stewartia koreana and Viburnum awabuki showed potent inhibitory activities of NO production (>70% inhibition at the test concentration of 40 microg/ml). In particular, the extract of Calystegia soldanella showed a potential inhibition of NO production in a dose-dependent manner (IC50=4.3 microg/ml). Subsequent study also exhibited that the extract of Calystegia soldanella significantly suppressed iNOS protein and gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that Calystegia soldanella might be a new potential candidate for developing an iNOS inhibitor from natural products and also could be warranted for further elucidation of active principles for the development of new anti-inflammatory and/or cancer chemopreventive agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Baicalin induces NAD(P)H:quinone reductase through the transactivation of AP-1 and NF-kappaB in Hepa 1c1c7 cells.

Baicalin (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone-7-O-D-glucuronic acid, BA) is a flavone isolated from Scutellariae radix. In our previous report BA was a major active principle of NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (QR) induction mediated by Scutellariae radix extract and the induction was related to the transcriptional activation of the QR gene in Hepa 1c1c7 cells. The primary aim of the present study was to determine the molecular mechanism of QR gene expression by baicalin. The antioxidant or electrophile response element (ARE/EpRE) found at the 5'-flanking region of phase II genes may play an important role in mediating their induction by xenobiotics, including chemopreventive agents. In accordance, to study the molecular mechanisms of QR gene expression by BA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), using nuclear extracts of treated and untreated cells against ARE, activator protein-1 (AP-1) or nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding sites, showed that BA increased the binding levels of the parameters in a dose-dependent manner. Further, Hepa 1c1c7 cells were transiently transfected with a plasmid containing three copies of the AP-1- or NF-kappaB-binding site linked to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Using the CAT reporter gene assay, a dose-dependent transactivation of AP-1- or NF-kappaB-mediated CAT expression was observed with the treatment of BA. These results clearly indicate that BA induces the QR gene expression and activity by transactivation of AP-1 and NF-kappaB, and thus BA may be considered as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent with the induction of phase II detoxification enzyme.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed2004

Expression and subcellular distribution of toll-like receptors TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 on the gastric epithelium in Helicobacter pylori infection.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed by mucosal epithelium play an essential role in the defense against microbes by recognizing conserved bacterial molecules. For the first time TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 have been microanatomically localized in patients with noninflamed gastric mucosa and Helicobacter pylori gastritis by immunohistochemistry. Because polarized expression of TLRs in apical and basolateral epithelial compartments is thought to modulate mucosal immunity, subcellular TLR distribution by gastric epithelium was investigated using confocal microscopy. TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 were expressed by gastric epithelium in antrum and corpus of all patients with H. pylori gastritis (n = 14) and with noninflamed gastric mucosa (n = 5). TLR4 was expressed at the apical and the basolateral pole of the gastric epithelium as well in noninflamed gastric mucosa as in H. pylori gastritis. TLR5 and TLR9 expression in the noninflamed gastric mucosa was identical to that of TLR4 with localization at the apical and the basolateral epithelial pole. However, in H. pylori gastritis TLR5 and TLR9 expression on the gastric epithelium changed to an exclusive basolateral localization without detectable expression at the apical pole. In the human stomach, the gastric epithelium expressed TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9, which gives it the possibility to interact with H. pylori. Furthermore, gastric epithelial TLR4 expression is highly polarized in an apical and a basolateral compartment, whereas TLR5 and TLR9 polarization seems to be a process dynamically influenced by H. pylori infection. This polarized and dynamically regulated gastric epithelial expression of TLRs supports a sentinel role for these receptors in the mucosal immunity to H. pylori.

DNA-Binding Proteins↗
PubMed2004

Familiarity with, knowledge of, and attitudes toward epilepsy in residents of Seoul, South Korea.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions of epilepsy in Seoul, South Korea, a country where social stigma toward epilepsy is still pronounced. METHODS: We randomly selected 1000 persons living in Seoul and performed telephone interviews regarding public awareness, knowledge, and attitudes toward epilepsy. RESULTS: Among 1000 respondents, the 92% who had read or heard about epilepsy became the subjects of the study. Word of mouth was most often referenced as a source of knowledge (78%). Forty-seven percentage believed that epilepsy is inheritable, whereas 5% thought that epilepsy is a mental illness. Marriage of their children to an epileptic person, childbearing by women with epilepsy, and employing a person with epilepsy were opposed by more than 50% of respondents. The reasons for the negative attitudes were that epilepsy was hereditary and untreatable (P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that there still remains negative attitudes regarding the marriage, childbearing, and employment of persons with epilepsy, which may stem from misconceptions about the cause and treatability of epilepsy, possibly due in part to the influence of herbal medicine, and South Korea's ethnic homogeneity. Public health education either through media or school health education is urgently needed to improve knowledge about, and attitudes toward epilepsy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

S1 glycoprotein gene analysis of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in Korea.

Fifteen isolates of Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were obtained from the kidney, trachea, and cecal tonsil of IB suspected chickens between 2001 and 2002 years in Korea. The S1 glycoprotein gene of IBV isolates were amplified by reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Fifteen Korean IBV isolates were classified into 4 groups by their RFLP patterns using restriction enzymes, HaeIII, BstYI, and XcmI. The RFLP patterns for 3, 1, and 1 of 15 isolates corresponded to the patterns of IBV Arkansas, Connecticut, and Massachusetts strains, respectively. Ten of 15 isolates generated unique KM91 RFLP pattern that was observed in the IBV KM 91 strain previously isolated in Korea. To confirm genetic diversity in the S1 genes of IBV isolates, viral RNAs of representative 9 of 15 IBV isolates were amplified, cloned, sequenced and compared with published sequences for non-Korean IBV strains. Korean IBV isolates showed amino acid sequence similarity between 61.8% (K446-01 and K161-02) and 96.1% (K281-01 and K210-02) with each other and they showed amino acid sequence similarity between 42.9% (K161-02 and GA980470) and 96.5% (K203-02 and KB8523) compared to non-Korean IBV strains. By phylogenetic tree analysis, Korean IBV field isolates were branched into five clusters in which 3 clusters were differentiated from non-Korean IBV strains. Especially, Korean IBV isolates K069-01, K507-01, K774-01 and K142-02 formed a separate cluster. It seems that IBVs continue to evolve and IBVs showing various genetic differences may cocirculate in Korea.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Intracranial ictal onset zone in nonlesional lateral temporal lobe epilepsy on scalp ictal EEG.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the ictal focus and the role of seizure characteristics, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET, and subtraction ictal SPECT in patients diagnosed as having nonlesional lateral temporal lobe epilepsy by long-term scalp video-EEG monitoring. METHODS: The authors studied 33 consecutive patients with nonlesional neocortical epilepsy who had a scalp ictal onset zone localized in the temporal lobe and good surgical outcome after focal neocortical resection. All patients were evaluated using intracranial recordings prior to resection. Semiology, FDG-PET, and ictal-interictal subtraction SPECT were used to verify the diagnostic role of these methods in the localization of epileptic foci. RESULTS: The ictal onset zones, confirmed by intracranial study, were the lateral temporal (22 patients), parietal (5), frontal (3), temporoparietal (2), and occipital (1) areas. FDG-PET analyzed by statistical parametric mapping correctly localized the epileptogenic lobe in 18 of 33 patients and subtraction ictal SPECT correctly localized it in 13 of 25 patients. However, in patients with extratemporal ictal onset zones, FDG-PET and ictal SPECT in combination correctly localized the epileptogenic lobe in only 3 of 11 cases. CONCLUSIONS: An extratemporal ictal onset zone was encountered in patients with nonlesional lateral temporal lobe seizures based on scalp video-EEG monitoring. FDG-PET and subtraction SPECT had localizing value in no more than half of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Endovascular treatment of congenital arteriovenous fistulae of the internal maxillary artery.

Congenital arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) of the internal maxillary artery (IMA) are rare. We present the angiographic findings and management of six AVF of the IMA, selected from 147 patients with facial vascular malformations. The fistula was thought to be congenital in all six in view of a life-long history, with no recorded trauma. Our analysis included angioarchitecture, treatment modality, embolic material, treatment results and follow-up. All patients had angiography showing an AVF originating from the IMA and draining to the jugular vein. Five patients underwent endovascular treatment with detachable balloons; a combination of Guglielmi detachable coils and N-acetyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) was used in one child. We successfully closed the AVF in all cases, without procedure-related complications, except for delayed transient facial numbness in one patient. No recurrence was observed on follow-up of 5 months to 7 years (mean 44 months).

Acetates↗