Biomedical subjects

S K Jindal

Publications and source records attributed to S K Jindal.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Oocyte retrieval and histological studies of follicular population in buffalo ovaries.

Ovaries (N = 250) from slaughtered buffaloes were collected to study follicular population and compare methods of oocyte retrieval. The number and size of surface follicles were recorded and grouped into different categories. Different sized follicles in relation to oocyte diameter were studied histologically. Yield of oocytes per ovary were less (P < 0.05) from ovaries bearing a corpus luteum (CL). Techniques used for oocyte recovery included slicing, follicle puncture and aspiration. The oocyte recovery rate was greatest (P < 0.05) using slicing. The average number of visible surface follicles was 5.20 +/- 0.97 with mean numbers of 2.5, 1.2, 0.82 and 0.62 per ovary for follicles sized 4, 8, 12 and 12mm respectively. Histological studies revealed large numbers of primordial follicles in prepubertal and atretic follicles in senile buffaloes. They also established a biphasic relationship of growth between oocyte diameter and follicular size.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Incidence and recognition of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in developing countries.

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in developing countries is now diagnosed with an increased frequency. Increased awareness and more frequent availability of computed tomography and fiberoptic bronchoendoscopy have helped in making the diagnosis more often. The spectrum of diseases causing pulmonary fibrosis is broadly similar to that seen in the West. Connective tissue disorders such as systemic sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis and sarcoidosis are more common causes. Idiopathic fibrosis is seen in approximately half the patients. Pneumoconiosis such as silicosis are also important. Diagnosis is often established on the basis of clinical features and radiologic findings alone. Transbronchial lung biopsy is used as a frequent method to make histologic diagnosis. Some of the causes described from India are rather rare. One of the interesting examples included a patient in whom pulmonary fibrosis was related to his ascent to very high altitude. Extreme cold, solar radiation, and other factors complicating low atmospheric oxygen pressure were implicated as causative factors. Lung fibrosis, secondary to exposure to toxic gas (methyl isocyanate), is reported in survivors of the Bhopal gas leakage tragedy of 1984. Serial bronchoalveolar studies have show elevated fibronectin levels and the presence of macrophage-neutrophilic exudate in the lavage fluid.

Developing Countries↗

PubMed1997

Pulmonary sarcoidosis: spirometric correlation with transbronchial biopsy.

We studied the relationship between the histopathology obtained by trans-bronchial lung biopsy (TBLB), and spirometric indices in 28 patients of pulmonary sarcoidosis in whom the diagnosis was confirmed. There was a rough correlation between FVC and the histologic granuloma load, interstitial inflammation and the overall histopathological score. Radiological features did not correlate with either spirometry or histopathology.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Bronchial responsiveness of non-smoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke or biomass fuel combustion.

We studied bronchial responsiveness (BR) in three groups of housewives with or without history of exposure to tobacco smoke or combustion of biomass fuels. Methacholine bronchoprovocation test was used to study BR. The group I subjects (60), who served as controls, were nonsmokers and had no chronic exposure to passive smoking or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) or biomass fuels. Three of these women showed a 20 per cent FEV1 fall with a cumulative methacholine dose of 72.5 mg or less. Of 60 women in group II (ETS-exposure) and 52 in group III (biomass exposure), 26 (43.3%) and 10 (19.2%) respectively showed bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR). The odds ratios for BHR in groups II and III were 14.53 and 4.52 respectively. The number of hyper-responders was significantly more and the mean PD20 less in the exposed than the non-exposed groups. The occurrence of BHR in the ETS exposed group was more (P < 0.05) than the biomass combustion group. There were more hyper-responders (both groups II and III) amongst those who had an exposure index (EI) of 50 or more compared to those with EI of less than 50. We conclude that chronic cumulative exposure to both ETS and biomass combustion produces significant BHR. Further, BHR developed more often on ETS exposure, and when the exposure was present for a longer period.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Normal spirometry in healthy natives of Bhutan.

We performed spirometry on 333 healthy Bhutanese men and women at Thimpu. Prediction equations were derived using age and height as regression coefficients. Age had a significant negative correlation while both height and weight had positive linear correlation with spirometric indices. The relationship of weight with FVC was explained largely on the basis of the "muscularity" effect of weight. Bhutanese have lower ventilatory parameters than the Europeans and the North Indians. The difference is likely to be ethnic in origin.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Regulation of transforming growth factor alpha gene expression in an ovarian surface epithelial cell line derived from a human carcinoma.

The surface epithelium plays an important role in normal ovarian physiology: the cells proliferate in the vicinity of the developing preovulatory follicle to accommodate the increase in follicular size, and to repair the surface after ovulation. These bouts of mitotic activity in vivo must be strictly regulated by the activity of growth factors and their receptors. Since transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) has been identified as a growth-promoting factor for normal surface epithelial cells from human ovaries and ovarian surface epithelial cell lines, we have examined the regulation of the TGF alpha gene in HEY cells, a surface epithelial cell line derived from a human ovarian carcinoma. Treatment of HEY cells for 60 h with estradiol-17 beta, dihydrotestosterone, or progesterone at concentrations ranging from 5 x 10(-8) to 5 x 10(-6) M did not influence the level of the 4.5-kb transcript for TGF alpha. Treatment of HEY cells with TGF alpha increased the steady-state levels of TGF alpha mRNA, indicating that an autoregulatory mechanism could result in overexpression of TGF alpha. TGF beta, a known growth inhibitor of ovarian surface epithelial cells, decreased the steady-state levels of TGF alpha mRNA, suggesting a mechanism by which the levels of TGF alpha and mitotic activity could be regulated. HEY cells, like the human surface epithelial cells from which they were derived, were found by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to contain TGF beta 1 mRNA. The TGF beta 1 mRNA was translated into immunoreactive TGF beta 1, indicating that TGF beta can act in an autocrine manner. By use of quantitative PCR, HEY cells were shown to express the genes for the TGF beta receptor II, betaglycan and endoglin. By cross-linking, these components of the TGF beta receptor system were found to bind TGF beta 1. This is the first demonstration of expression of functional TGF beta receptors in HEY cells and represents the first demonstration in an ovarian cell system. In summary, our findings suggest that the levels of TGF alpha and the cell growth of normal and transformed surface epithelial cells from human ovaries may be regulated by the interaction of autoregulatory mechanisms involving TGF alpha and TGF beta ligand-receptor systems.

Antigens, CD↗

PubMed1995

Cough reflex threshold in diabetes mellitus with and without autonomic neuropathy.

The cough reflex, a vagus-mediated respiratory protective reflex, was investigated in diabetics and healthy controls by establishing a cough reflex threshold to increasing concentrations of citric acid aerosol. Diabetics with autonomic neuropathy (n = 20), whether overtly symptomatic (n = 5) or evident only on certain non-invasive cardiovascular autonomic function tests, were found to have significantly (p < 0.05 by chi 2 test) raised cough reflex threshold (range 1 to > 100%, median value 50%) in contrast to either the non-neuropathic diabetics (n = 20) or normal controls (n = 20; range 1-10%, median value 2%). This difference suggests vagal (parasympathetic) denervation of the respiratory tract, with possible serious consequences, hitherto little appreciated.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1995

Release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates from monocytes of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

M. tuberculosis, the aetiological agent of tuberculosis readily infects and multiplies within the macrophages of the host. Macrophage activation is known to occur through a series of stages, which results in the production of biologically active molecules such as the reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. The following study was conducted on 20 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, before and after initiation of antituberculous therapy, and on 10 normal healthy controls. The macrophages were isolated from peripheral blood of the patients and controls at a concentration of 1 x 10(6) cells ml-1. The generation of reactive oxygen intermediates was measured by a chemiluminescence technique. Reactive nitrogen intermediates, were measured following stimulation of macrophages with latex, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and purified protein derivative-S (PPD-S). Citrulline levels and electron transport chain activity were also determined in the cell cultures. It was observed that there was a significant depression (p < 0.05) in the respiratory burst response in the patient group (0.46 x 10(3) +/- 0.11 cpm per 10(6) cells) compared with the controls (7.12 x 10(3) +/- 2.31 cpm per 10(6) cells). On the other hand, reactive nitrogen intermediates (671.03 +/- 2.18 nmol) and citrulline levels (193.07 +/- 2.38 nmol) were significantly (p < 0.001) higher before initiation of therapy compared with control values (24.36 +/- 2.81 and 18.91 +/- 2.12 nmol respectively). Their levels declined, during the post-therapy period of 3 months, to 60.81 +/- 2.03 and 38.17 +/- 2.13 nmol respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Airway response to acid instillation in esophagus in bronchial asthma.

OBJECTIVE: An increased incidence of gastroesophageal reflux has been reported in patients with bronchial asthma. We studied the pulmonary effects of acid instillation in the esophagus. METHODS: Fifteen patients with bronchial asthma and 15 healthy adults in the age group 15-50 years were studied. The control subjects were first screened for bronchial hyperreactivity by a methacholine challenge test. Patients and controls were both subjected to modified Bernstein test. Spirometry was done at baseline and after each instillation of either acid or saline. Respiratory and reflux symptoms were noted after each infusion and antacid administration. RESULTS: Five patients and one control subject had history of reflux symptoms (p < 0.05) and six patients had nocturnal asthma. There was a significant fall in FEV1/FVC after acid infusion patients; this improved significantly after antacid administration. All six patients with nocturnal asthma had respiratory signs or symptoms and had more than 20% fall in FEV1 on acid instillation in the esophagus, while none in the control group developed the same. CONCLUSIONS: Gastroesophageal reflux occurs more frequently in patients with bronchial asthma and acid instillation in the esophagus triggers bronchoconstriction.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Transforming growth factor alpha localization and role in surface epithelium of normal human ovaries and in ovarian carcinoma cells.

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) has been localized by immunohistochemistry in the ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells of sections from normal human ovaries and in epithelial cells of surface crypts. An ovarian cancer cell line (HEY) derived from the surface epithelium of a human ovary also exhibited intense staining for the TGF alpha peptide. Using Northern analysis, HEY cells were shown to express a 4.5-kb transcript of TGF alpha, indicating that the TGF alpha peptide was synthesized by these cells and not taken up from the serum in the culture medium and sequestered by the cells. This was confirmed using a radioimmunoassay, which showed that HEY cells in culture secrete TGF alpha peptide, both as a soluble (0.12 +/- 0.02 ng/mg protein) and as a membrane-anchored (0.06 +/- 0.006 ng/mg protein) form. In both normal OSE cells and HEY cells, TGF alpha acted as a growth promoter: TGF alpha significantly stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of both primary cultures of normal OSE cells (2.7-fold) and of HEY cells (2-fold). This study provides the first demonstration of TGF alpha immunostaining in normal surface epithelial cells and in HEY cells, and suggests that TGF alpha, localized in normal and transformed OSE, is an autocrine growth promoter for these cells.

Cell Division↗

PubMed1994

Perinatal outcome in pregnancies complicated by pulmonary tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the perinatal outcome of pregnancies complicated by active pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: The perinatal outcome of 79 gravidas with pulmonary tuberculosis was compared with that of 316 normal gravidas of similar age, parity and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: The mean birthweight of infants (2649 g) born to tuberculous mothers was 215 g less than that of control group (P < 0.001). Pulmonary tuberculosis was associated with an approximate 2-fold increase in prematurity (22.8% vs. 11.1%, P < 0.01), small for gestational age (20.2% vs. 7.9%, P < 0.005) and low birthweight neonates (34.2% vs. 16.5%, P < 0.001), and 6-fold increase in perinatal deaths (10.1% vs. 1.6%, P < 0.001). The adverse perinatal outcome was pronounced in cases with late diagnosis, incomplete and irregular treatment, and advanced pulmonary lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal tuberculosis is a high-risk perinatal condition. The study emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, preferably before pregnancy, regular medical supervision and good perinatal care for tuberculous mothers.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Ventilatory function in nonsmoking rural Indian women using different cooking fuels.

Lung function parameters, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1st s (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), were measured in 3,318 nonsmoking Indian women using four different types of cooking fuels (biomass, liquified petroleum gas, kerosene and mixed). Biomass fuel users had FVC values less than 75% predicted (73.42 +/- 0.90; mean +/- SE) whereas in other groups it was more than 75% of predicted, though less than 80% of the predicted values. However, FEV1, FEV1/FVC (%) and PEFR were within normal limits in all the four groups. The absolute values of all the three parameters of lung functions were the lowest in the biomass and mixed fuel users. A negative correlation was observed between these parameters and the duration of cooking and exposure index. Thus the present study showed that, lung function, particularly FVC, is affected by indoor air pollution due to domestic cooking more so with biomass fuel. Better housing and use of smokeless devices for cooking might be helpful to avoid this effect on lung. This ventilatory impairment seems to be more of the restrictive (parenchymal) type, since obstruction could be ruled out. A longitudinal study is needed to demonstrate whether or not these changes are variable, reversible or progressing to fibrosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Indices of morbidity and control of asthma in adult patients exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.

The study was undertaken to compare the indices of morbidity and control of asthma in 100 adult patients exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) inhalation (group 2), with 100 asthmatics not exposed (group 1). Exposure was established from the history of smoking by the patient's spouse and other close contacts. Asthma control and morbidity were assessed during their follow-up visits in the chest outpatient clinic by inquiring into the emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalization, acute episodes, requirement of parenteral drugs at home, corticosteroids, and maintenance bronchodilators in the preceding 1-year period. Index per patient was also calculated. Lung function was recorded by the measurement of forced expiratory flows on the same day of the follow-up visit. The mean age and disease duration were comparable, but the expiratory flows were lower in the patients exposed to ETS. More patients in group 2 required daily bronchodilators (66 percent) and intermittent corticosteroids (56 percent). The number of ED visits, acute episodes, and parenteral bronchodilators per patient were significantly more (p < 0.01) in group 2 patients. Similarly, the number of weeks of absence from work and of corticosteroid requirement were more (p < 0.01) in the ETS-exposed patients. We conclude that the control of asthma is poor and morbidity greater in adult patients with asthma exposed to ETS at home and/or at work.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Normal variations in spirometry in health following placebo inhalation.

Normal i.e., chance variations in spirometry were evaluated in 80 healthy Indian adults by the measurement of base-line spirometric indices (FVC, FEV1 and FEF25-75%) and the per cent changes following placebo administration of aerosolized saline. There was a mean per cent change of 0.7, 0.4 and 0.3 per cent over the base-line values in FVC, FEV1 and FEF25-75% respectively following placebo inhalation. The cut off responses for 95 per cent confidence limits were 11.2 per cent for FVC and 12.7 per cent for FEV1 following placebo inhalation. Since the test sample represents a healthy Indian population, a per cent change greater than 12.7 per cent in FEV1 is more than that observed in 95 per cent of healthy Indians. It is suggested that for both delta FEV1 per cent and delta FVC per cent, the lower limit should be fixed at more than 15 per cent to define 'abnormality' in clinical practice.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1993

Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis: assessment of kaolin agglutination test.

Kaolin agglutination test (KAT), for the detection of anti-tuberculophospholipid antibodies for the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis, was performed on the sera of 137 pulmonary and 276 extra pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 140 controls. The sensitivity and specificity of KAT was 86.9% and 100%, respectively, at the titre of 1:128 and more.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1993

Treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma by endoscopic intracavitary instillation of ketoconazole.

The authors report a case of pulmonary aspergilloma in which a fungus ball was visualized and a biopsy specimen was obtained at fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The fungus ball was successfully treated with bronchoscopic instillation of ketoconazole. It appears that this approach can be useful in the treatment of patients who are high-risk candidates for pulmonary resection.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Effects of enalapril, an ACE-inhibitor, on bronchial responsiveness in asthmatics.

To assess the effects of enalapril on bronchial responsiveness, we studied ten stable asthmatics and five healthy normal volunteers. Spirometry and methacholine bronchoprovocation dose (PC20) were measured before and after oral administration of 20 mg enalapril. Significant hypotensive effect was observed in all. More than two fold (2.73) increase in bronchial responsiveness was observed in the asthmatics (P < 0.01) without significant change in the expiratory flows. PC20 after enalapril fell by 56.8 +/- 23.0% of baseline value (P < 0.001). No significant change was observed in spirometric parameters and bronchial responsiveness in normal subjects. We conclude that enalapril significantly enhances BR and cannot be used safely in treatment of hypertension in asthmatics.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Effect of calcium channel antagonists on cholinergic bronchial responsiveness in asthma.

Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was studied in 23 stable asthmatics before and after nifedipine and diltiazem. There was no significant bronchodilatory effect of either calcium channel antagonists. The mean provocative dose of methacholine required to produce a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20 = 0.157 +/- 0.74 mg) was not altered by nifedipine (PC20 = 0.159 +/- 0.61). However, diltiazem offered significant protection. The mean ratio of PC20 after diltiazem over baseline was 3.27 +/- 3.55. The results suggest that although both calcium channel antagonists have no influence on normal basal bronchomotor tone, diltiazem does significantly protect against cholinergic stimulation.

Asthma↗