Anaemia and malnutrition have been suggested to confer some degree of protection against malaria infection. Therefore, the influence of nutritional status as assessed anthropometrically and that of haemoglobin level on the incidence of malaria and the degree of parasitaemia was studied in 330 children in the age range of 1-9 years in Bisra block near Rourkela in Orissa state. Moderate to severe malnutrition as assessed from percentage of ideal weight was found in 48.8% (161/330) of children but only 8.8% (29/330) of children had some degree of malnutrition when assessed as weight for height indicating presence of chronic malnutrition. Similarly, 197 children (59.7%) had various grades of anaemia as estimated by haemoglobin level prevalence of malaria on initial examination was 27.6% (91/330), while incidence of clinical malaria in children during the year of study was 250/1000. There was no statistical difference in the Prevalence/incidence of malaria or severity of P. falciparum parasitaemia at different haemoglobin or nutritional levels (p > 0.05). No child died or developed severe complications requiring hospitalization. Therefore, anaemia or malnutrition do not appear to provide any protection against malaria or degree of parasitaemia in the children around Rourkela.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗

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Laboratory diagnosis of malaria.

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Animals↗

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Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.

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Biopsy, Needle↗

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Production of monoclonal antibodies to estriol and their application in the development of a sensitive nonisotopic immunoassay.

The development of highly specific monoclonal antibodies to estriol and a nonisotopic immunoassay (EIA) for unconjugated estriol based on the use of these monoclonal antibodies have been described. The monoclonal antibodies show little cross reactivity with other steroids and steroid conjugates and can be used directly in immunoassays without any purification. The EIA described here can be performed in 96-well microtiter plates or polystyrene tubes that have been coated with estriol-bovine serum albumin conjugate. In this assay, estriol in the standard or clinical samples (serum or saliva) competes with the immobilized steroid on the plate or the tube for binding with the antibody. The assay shows good agreement with radioimmunoassay (RIA) and is highly sensitive and reliable. Since no prior processing or extraction of the clinical samples is necessary, the method is potentially applicable for routine use in fetal monitoring as well as in a steroid laboratory.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

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Genetic structure of Plasmodium vivax isolates in India.

Variations in the allelic composition of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme systems of Plasmodium vivax were observed in isolates of Indian origin in 1985-1993. No significant difference was observed in allelic frequencies in different years. The data indicated random distribution of GPI, GDH and ADA alleles among the isolates, suggesting that loci for these enzymes were not linked. A high proportion of the isolates comprised at least 2 genetically distinct clones, the mean number of clones per isolate being 1.4. There was no significant difference in the number of oocysts in Anopheles stephensi fed on uniclonal and multiclonal isolates. No difference was observed in the proportions of uniclonal and multiclonal isolates during low and high transmission periods.

Adenosine Deaminase↗

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Occupational health problems among tobacco processing workers: a preliminary study.

Occupational health problems among 100 tobacco processing workers were investigated. Symptoms, including vomiting, giddiness, headache, etc. were found among 69 exposed subjects. It was also observed that the excretion rate of nicotine and cotinine increased among exposed subjects. Biochemical parameters were found to be within the normal range. Electrocardiographic findings were non-specific and clinically there was no evidence of hypertension or ischemic heart disease. Therefore, the symptoms in tobacco processing workers might possibly result from mild nicotine toxicity.

Adult↗

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Protection against "green symptoms" from tobacco in Indian harvesters: a preliminary intervention study.

Two types of gloves were provided to 85 non-Virginia tobacco harvesters who complained of having "green symptoms." Results show that the use of gloves causes a significant reduction in nicotine absorption as reflected by the nicotine and cotinine excretion rates and also the reduction in the prevalence of "green symptoms," since contact with the leaves and leaf-sap and the abrasions of the palms was avoided by their use. It was found that the use of rubber gloves afforded protection among 93% of the subjects, while with cotton gloves the proportion was somewhat less (78.5%). Cotton gloves were more comfortable but nondurable while the rubber ones were durable but not so comfortable.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intervention studies against "green symptoms" among Indian tobacco harvesters.

The use of rubber gloves reduced nicotine and cotinine absorption among 29 tobacco harvesters, as evidenced by the urinary excretion rate of nicotine and cotinine. Approximately 20% (n = 6) of the subjects reported that symptoms disappeared when they used gloves, but the remaining 23 workers complained of an occasional headache even when using gloves. Wearing of boots and socks as well as gloves prevented the symptoms and significantly decreased nicotine and cotinine excretion. This suggests that nicotine is absorbed through the feet.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Responses of Entamoeba invadens to heat shock and encystation are related.

An Entamoeba invadens gene encoding a homologue of BiP/GRP78, a 70-kDa heat shock protein or chaperonin was cloned. The predicted E. invadens BiP contained an ATP-binding site, a substrate-recognition domain, and a carboxy-terminal KDEL-peptide. Messenger RNAs of E. invadens for BiP, for a 70-kDa heat shock cognate, for a cyst wall glycoprotein (Jacob), and for chitinase were all induced by heat shock and by encystation medium. The presence of Jacob in heat-shocked amebae was confirmed by confocal microscopy and suggests that heat shock and encystation responses in E. invadens are related.

Adaptation, Biological↗