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Biomedical subjects

S Joseph

Publications and source records attributed to S Joseph.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Assessment of bully/victim problems in 8 to 11 year-olds.

The aim of the present study was to develop two six-item self-report scales (the Bullying-Behaviour Scale and the Peer-Victimisation Scale) to assess bully-victim problems at school. These scales were designed so that they could be immersed within the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC: Harter, 1985) thus reducing the saliency of the items. Internal reliability of both scales was found to be satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83 and 0.82 respectively). Data are reported on the association between scores on both scales and scores on the SPPC and the Birleson Depression Inventory (Birleson, 1981) with 425 children (204 boys and 221 girls) ranging from 8 to 11 years (mean = 9.2 years). Forty-six per cent of the children were classified as bullies, victims, or both: 22 per cent were classified as victims only, 15 per cent as bully/victims, and 9 per cent as bullies only.

Child↗
PubMed1996

The method of subliminal psychodynamic activation: do individual thresholds make a difference?

The present experiment investigated the effects of subliminal psychodynamic stimuli on anxiety as measured by heart rate. Following an anxiety-inducing task, male and female subjects were tachistoscopically shown, at their subjective thresholds, one of five subliminal stimuli, MOMMY AND I ARE ONE, DADDY AND I ARE ONE (symbiotic messages). MOMMY HAS LEFT ME (abandonment message), I AM HAPPY AND CALM (positively toned but nonsymbiotic phrase), or MYMMO NAD I REA ENO (control stimulus). It was hypothesized that men would exhibit a greater decrease in heart rate after exposure to the MOMMY stimulus than the control message. No definitive predictions were made for women. The abandonment phrase was expected to increase heart rate. A positively toned message was included to assess whether its effects would be comparable to those hypothesized for the MOMMY message. The results yielded no significant effects for stimulus or gender and so provided no support for the hypotheses.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Convergent validity of the depression-happiness scale with the Crown-Crisp experimental index.

In recent years the study of subjective well-being has attracted much research interest. A 1993 operational definition is the Depression-Happiness Scale of McGreal and Joseph. The aim of the present research was to investigate the convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale with the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index. Among 40 undergraduate university students, higher scores on the Depression-Happiness Scale were significantly associated with lower scores on Free floating anxiety (-.63), Somatic anxiety (-.56), Depression (-.78), and Hysteria (-.36) scales but not the Phobic anxiety (-.27) or Obsessionality (-.25) scales of the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index. These data provide further evidence for the convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Emotional processing in survivors of the Jupiter cruise ship disaster.

Twenty-three survivors of the Jupiter cruise ship disaster completed the Impact of Events Scale, a measure of intrusion and avoidance, as well as measures of arousal and affect at two points in time: between 3 and 7 months (Time 1) and between 12 and 14 months (Time 2) following the event. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between intrusion and avoidance and symptoms of depression and anxiety. The results suggest that although higher scores on intrusion and avoidance are strongly associated with poorer psychological outcome at each point in time, it is only intrusion which may be predictive of later symptoms. Avoidance would seem to be a response to early distress. These data are discussed with reference to a cognitive--emotional processing model of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Factor analysis of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale.

The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale is one of the most popular instruments for survey work with the general population. A 1993 study by Thorson and Powell reported a 5-factor solution. The present study was undertaken to replicate these findings; however, factor analysis with varimax rotation based on the responses of 187 students yielded 4 factors of depressed affect, somatic disturbance, positive affect, and interpersonal difficulties. Although these data do not replicate the 5-factor work of Thorson and Powell, they do largely confirm the previous research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale with measures of happiness and satisfaction with life.

The aim of the present paper was to investigate the internal reliability and convergent validity of the McGreal and Joseph (1993) Depression-Happiness Scale with measures of happiness and satisfaction with life. Subjects were 63 undergraduate students attending the University of Ulster. Internal reliability of the scale was .91, and higher scores on the scale were associated with scores on the other measures indicating greater happiness and satisfaction with life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Suicide assessment: clinical interview vs. self-report.

This study examined whether patients disclosed the same information about suicidal behaviors on a self-report instrument that they conveyed to a clinician in a face-to-face interview. The results indicated a generally high level of agreement between these two forms of suicide assessment. The one exception was the question that concerns recent suicidal ideation, where patients tended to disclose more on the self-report form.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The Herald of Free Enterprise disaster: the relationship of intrusion and avoidance to subsequent depression and anxiety.

Twenty-five survivors completed the Impact of Events Scale, a measure of intrusive reexperiencing and avoidant behaviour, approx. 7 months following the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship of scores on these scales to scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory at approx. 19 months subsequent to the event. Greater intrusive reexperiencing was found to be associated with greater depression and anxiety over and above the intensity of exposure and the fact of bereavement. These data are discussed with reference to a cognitive processing model of post-traumatic stress.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1994

Correlates of post-traumatic stress at 30 months: the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster.

Although exposure to a traumatic event is thought to be the main aetiological factor in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, there remain large unexplained individual differences in the severity and chronicity of symptoms. The aim of the present study was to assess the relative contribution of a number of social and psychological factors which are thought to determine symptoms. Crisis support and life-events subsequent to the disaster are the two best predictors of general psychological well-being, whereas a sense of helplessness during the disaster and bereavement are the two best predictors of intrusive symptomatology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Natural history of aortoarteritis: an angiographic study in 26 survivors.

The natural history of aortoarteritis was angiographically studied in 26 surviving patients (19 female; 7 male). The interval between the initial and current angiographic study was 38-228 months (mean -84.46 months). All patients underwent panaortography during both studies and one patient also underwent pulmonary angiography. The lesions were extensive involving the ascending, arch and the descending thoracic and/or the abdominal aorta (Type III) in 15 patients; localized to the arch alone (Type I) in five patients and to the descending thoracic and/or abdominal aorta in five patients (Type II). Pulmonary angiography in the solitary patient with clinical features of pulmonary hypertension showed occlusion of the lower lobe branch of the right pulmonary artery. The lesions were occlusive in 19 patients, aneurysmal in one patient and mixed in six patients. While four patients developed fresh lesions in the follow-up period, two showed progression of existing lesions and one revealed partial thrombosis of an aneurysm. Persistently elevated erythrocytic sedimentation rate (> 40 mm) was identified as a reliable indicator for activity of inflammatory process and disease progression. The stable nature of the lesions in 20 out of 26 patients in this study indicates a non-progressive course in the healed stage of aortoarteritis and suggests a conservative approach to the management of this disease in all patients except those with severe, life-threatening manifestations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Reliability of the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children and predictors of global self-worth.

Harter's (1985) Self-Perception Profile for Children is one of the measures most widely used by developmental social psychologists. The aim of the present study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of the subscales for 24 children over a 3-year period. The results show that scores on the global self-worth subscale at age 8 correlated highly with scores at age 11 (r = .61) and did not change over time, t(23) = 0.22. These results suggest that perceptions of global self-worth remain highly stable. However, domain-specific measures of competence did not show the same level of stability. Harter (1990) has suggested that global self-worth is a function of domain-specific measures. The relationship between global self-worth and the domain-specific measures was also investigated at each age; although the perception of physical appearance was the single best predictor of global self-worth at both age 8 and age 11, the second best predictor at age 8 was perception of social acceptance, whereas at age 11 it was scholastic competence.

Achievement↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence of hepatitis B in !Kung (San) children from Bushmanland, Namibia.

Serum samples from 248 predominantly !Kung children (aged 5-19 years) attending various bush schools and a clinic in Bushmanland, northern Namibia were examined for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers by radioimmunoassay. HBsAg was detected in 18 (7.3%) children while 117 (47.6%) showed one or more markers of HBV infection. These prevalence rates are lower than those of the closely situated territory of Kavango to the north and East Caprivi to the north-east. No significant difference in HBs antigenaemia between !Kung boys and girls was found (p > 0.05). However, HBs antigenaemia was found to vary between children in different bush schools. A significantly higher number of children attending the Omatako bush school were positive for HBsAg than the number attending the Luhebu bush school (p < 0.0167). These local variations could assist in the initial targeting of HBV vaccine to high-risk areas. In situ investigations of hyperendemic foci in Bushmanland, Namibia should help to elucidate the variation in HBs antigenaemia and the factors responsible for transmission of HBV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Causal attributions for marital violence and emotional response by women seeking refuge.

The aim was to examine the association between causal attributions for marital violence and emotional reactions of 15 women from two refuges in Northern Ireland. The women who perceived the cause of the violence as stable and uncontrollable scored higher on the Avoidance and Intrusion subscales of the Impact of Events Scale, respectively. In addition, more global causal attributions were associated with higher scores on Intrusion and Avoidance as well as depressive symptomatology as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory. No evidence was, however, found to support the view that these women were engaged in self-blaming (attributions tended to be overwhelmingly external).

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Personality correlates of scores on the Depression-Happiness Scale.

The present aim was to estimate the internal reliability and convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale. Internal reliability was .90, and higher scores on the Depression-Happiness Scale were associated with more internal control (.28), higher self-esteem (.36), and lower trait anxiety (-.69) among 45 undergraduates at the University of Ulster. The results provide some evidence for the validation of the Depression-Happiness Scale as well as confirming previous research on the correlates of happiness.

Adolescent↗