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Biomedical subjects

S Jacobson

Publications and source records attributed to S Jacobson.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Effect of total parenteral nutrition on serum concentrations of eight proteins in Crohn's disease.

In 15 patients with Crohn's disease a study was made of the effect of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (nil per os) on the serum concentrations of albumin, transferrin, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, IgG, IgA, and IgM, and on the hemoglobin concentration in blood and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The study covered 22 periods of TPN, each of at least 21 days. At introduction of TPN one group of steroid-free patients (group I) displayed clinical and laboratory signs of severe malnutrition and a high level of activity of the disease. Another group of patients without steroid medication showed signs of incipient or mild malnutrition and mild to moderate activity (group II). The patients receiving prednisolone were assigned to a separate group (group III). During the first 3 wk of TPN the S-albumin and S-transferrin levels increased in group I, whereas the S-orosomucoid and S-alpha 1-antitrypsin concentrations decreased parallel with a clinical improvement. In groups II and III, however, there was no convincing biochemical sign of improvement during the initial 3-6 wk of TPN. In both groups I and II there was an increase in, particularly, the S-IgM level of the immunoglobulins. It is concluded that steroid-free patients with Crohn's disease displaying signs of severe malnutrition and highly active disease are likely to show biochemical and clinical evidence of improvement after 3 wk of TPN; the response to TPN is related to the initial status of the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Ablations of the mammillary nuclei in monkeys: effects on postoperative memory.

A new procedure was developed for ablating the mammillary nuclei in nonhuman primates via direct visual exposure. Using this technique, monkeys receiving lesions of the mammillary nuclei were compared to control animals after surgery to assess the retention of preoperatively acquired visuospatial discriminations and subsequent postoperative ability to attain a demanding spatial memory task. Although the lesions proved to be accurate and complete, no changes in gross behavior or deficits in preoperatively acquired visual and spatial behaviors were noted. The monkeys with mammillary body lesions were, however, impaired in their ability to acquire postoperatively the demanding spatial memory task. These findings are consistent with previous investigations suggesting that the mammillary bodies are involved in the acquisition of spatial discriminations and skills.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Selective fetal malnutrition: the effect of in vivo ethanol exposure upon in vitro placental uptake of amino acids in the non-human primate.

In vitro uptake (45 and 90 minutes) of amino acids, alpha-amino isobutyric (AIB) and valine (VAL), was measured in six placentae from the nonhuman primate, Macacca fascicularis. Three of the pregnant primates were chronically treated with ethanol before and throughout pregnancy (CHR); one during the last trimester only (LT); and two were controls (C). Compared to the C placentae, the LT placenta had significantly decreased uptake only for AIB at 45 min: 33.4 +/- 6.8% reduction (mean +/- S.E.) (P less than 0.05). In contrast, the CHR placentae demonstrated significantly reduced uptake (P less than 0.01) for both amino acids at both time points. Percent reduction at 45 and 90 min: AIB, 35.2 +/- 6.5% and 32.6 +/- 5.6% and VAL, 38.7 +/- 2.9% and 22.1 +/- 4.1%. The results indicate that chronic in vivo ethanol exposure impairs the in vitro placental uptake of two actively transported amino acids, using an animal with a placenta almost identical to the human.

Aminoisobutyric Acids↗
PubMed1983

Pregnancy-resolution decisions. What if abortions were banned?

This study addressed two related questions: (1) what sets of psychosocial characteristics distinguish women who have had an abortion from those who have not? (2) What sets of characteristics distinguish women who, given their present situations, predict they would terminate an unplanned pregnancy from those who predict they would carry such a pregnancy to term? Fifteen variables associated with pregnancy-resolution decisions were tested in multiple logistic regression analyses. Only number of children was strongly (and positively) predictive of having had an abortion. Four variables predicted expectation that an unplanned pregnancy would be terminated. These results suggest that a ban on abortions would affect virtually all women in the study cohort and that the pregnancies affected would be those that occur when the women are least able to care for a (or another) child and when they feel somewhat positive about their potential for self-improvement.

Abortion Applicants↗
PubMed1982

The tuberoinfundibular system of the rat as demonstrated by immunohistochemical localization of retrogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) from the median eminence.

The origin of neuronal perikarya which project to the external zone of the median eminence (the tuberoinfundibular neuronal system) was determined in the rat after injection or diffusion of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) into the median eminence. The retrogradely transported lectin was detected in neurons using an immunohistochemical method based on the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Immunoreactive cell bodies were found both in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic regions. Within the hypothalamus, the majority of peroxidase-positive cells were present in the dorsomedial and basolateral portions of the arcuate nucleus, regions of the periventricular nucleus, and the preoptic region, particularly at the level of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). Within the extrahypothalamic regions, WGA-positive perikarya were found in the diagonal band of Broca, the region of the medical septum and the brainstem. Only rare cells were labeled in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and no cells were labeled in any region of the amygdala. These data demonstrate that neurons with afferent projections to the median eminence are more widely distributed in the rat brain than previously recognized and therefore, that the concept of the tuberoinfundibular neuronal system must be expanded.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Reduction of catheter-associated thrombosis in parenteral nutrition by intravenous heparin therapy.

A prospective trial was carried out to test the hypothesis that therapy with intravenous (IV) heparin sodium reduces the incidence of thrombotic complications related to the use of central venous catheters for parenteral nutrition. The patients studied were randomly allocated either to a group given heparin sodium, at a dosage of 5,000 IU/6 hr, or to a control group that received no heparin prophylaxis. The heparin group comprised 23 catheter periods (22 patients), and the control group 26 catheter periods (25 patients). In five of the 23 catheters in te heparin group and 14 of the 26 in the control group, catheter phlebography revealed thrombus formation in association with the catheter when this was removed. The results indicated that the use of IV heparin as prophylaxis against thrombosis reduced the risk of thrombus formation on the central venous catheter.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Measles virus persistence in human lymphocytes: a role for virus-induced interferon.

Because of the association of measles virus with persistent infections such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and its possible involvement in multiple sclerosis, we have investigated the capacity of this virus to establish chronic infections in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). We have demonstrated that a latent, persistent infection of human PBLs with measles virus results in low levels of infectious virus production in which large amounts of virus-induced interferon could be detected. Further, treatment of these silently infected cells with an anti-human leukocyte interferon serum results in a productive measles virus infection. The mechanism by which the anti-interferon serum shifts the virus-cell interaction from persistence to productive infection is discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Ethanol-associated selective fetal malnutrition: a contributing factor in the fetal alcohol syndrome.

The pathogenesis of the FAS, particularly the characteristic IUGR, may be due in part to ethanol-related placental injury. Ethanol and/ or acetaldehyde may impair placental transfer of nutrients essential for growth, e.g., amino acids. Such restriction could occur regardless of maternal nutritional status: selective fetal malnutrition. Impairment of placental nutrient transport at critical phases of fetal organogenesis could compound any direct fetotoxic effects of ethanol or acetaldehyde. The effect of ethanol upon human placental hormone synthesis and transport of vitamins, minerals, glucose, and nucleic acid precursors awaits further investigation. Similarly, potential interactions between ethanol and other xenobiotics commonly abused by alcoholics require clarification.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1982

Cytotoxic T cells are induced in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strains of markedly different pathogenicities.

The ability of two lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus substrains to induce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses in intracerebrally infected mice was examined. One strain, designated A (aggressive), provoked a convulsive type of death in 100% of the mice within 8 to 9 days, whereas the other strain, designated D (docile), killed less than 10% of the mice during 28-day observation periods. CTL activity was assessed by the capacity of partially purified splenocytes to lyse 51Cr-labeled L-cell targets infected with either type of lymphocytic choriomeningitis substrain. The CTL population was identified by its sensitivity to anti-Thy-1 serum and its inability to lyse uninfected target cells or infected target cells with which it differed at the level of antigens controlled by the major histocompatibility gene complex. A strong CTL response developed in mice infected with either lymphocytic choriomeningitis substrain, although the activity provoked by substrain D was somewhat less than that seen after substrain A infection. Peak CTL activities induced by both strains occurred at about the same time. Even though docile virus replicated more extensively in the brain than did aggressive virus and fluorescent antibody staining revealed similar distributions of viral antigen, no inflammatory response was noted in the brains of mice infected with docile virus. These results are discussed with regard to the role of CTLs in mediating classic central nervous system pathology.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Utilization and metabolic effects of a conventional and a single-solution regimen in postoperative total parenteral nutrition.

A comparison was made of the effects of two intravenous regimens for postoperative total parenteral nutrition, namely, a conventional (control) regimen (group I) and a single-solution regimen of the same composition (group II). The effects examined were: hemoglobin concentration, prothrombin time, serum protein and electrolyte concentrations, and nitrogen and electrolyte balances. The 18 patients undergoing abdominal surgery were allocated at random to the two groups and the experiment was run for 3 days. During the day of the operation and the next 3 days both groups showed a decrease in the hemoglobin concentration and in the serum levels of iron, albumin, transferrin and cholesterol, while the asparagine aminotransferase increased. During total parenteral nutrition the prothrombin time and erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased in both groups. The nitrogen balance improved gradually in both groups and on the 3rd day was positive in group II. The calcium and magnesium balances indicated a higher retention and the phosphate balance a lower retention of these ions in group II than in group I. The urinary phosphate excretion rate during total parenteral nutrition decreased in both groups. This study indicates that the single-solution regimens used in intravenous nutrition caused no adverse metabolic effects and was used as efficiently as a conventional regimen in the early postoperative period.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1981

Diagnosis of thrombosis by catheter phlebography after prolonged central venous catheterization.

Sixty central venous catheterizations in 53 patients were prospectively studied with respect to phlebographic findings after prolonged parenteral nutrition. Phlebography was performed by a special technique on completion of the intravenous therapy. Under fluoroscopic control, the central venous catheter was slowly removed, while simultaneously contrast medium was continuously injected through it. Two types of thrombosis were demonstrated--sleeve thrombosis, on 25 occasions (42%), and mural veno-occlusive thrombosis, on five occasions (8%). On removal of the catheter the sleeve thrombosis peeled off the catheter and in several cases it was noticed that parts of the sleeve thrombus or the entire sleeve became detached and were carried away with the blood flow. Although the sleeve thrombus seldom gave rise to any symptoms, this type of thrombosis is of great importance in view of the risk of pulmonary embolism, especially in connection with removal of the catheter. With use of the described phlebographic technique thrombi of this type can be visualized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Interferon induction by lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses correlates with maximum virulence.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) viruses isolated from the blood of persistently infected mice, could be clearly divided into two categories by observing the disease patterns they produced after intracerebral (i.c.) injection in a number of adult inbred and outbred mice. One type (aggressive) caused the classic pattern of convulsive death in 100% of the mice 7 to 9 days after infection, while the other (docile) caused a protracted disease with deaths occurring, if at all, 2 to 4 weeks after infection. Interferon could be detected in the serum of adult mice on the 3rd and 4th day after infection with several independently cloned aggressive, but not docile, viruses. The inability of docile virus to induce interferon was not due to poor or delayed virus replication in the brain. The aggressive pattern of disease could be provoked easily in docile virus-infected mice with the interferon inducers poly(rI) . poly(rC), tilorone hydrochloride or Newcastle disease virus. The amount of interferon produced had little effect on the mean day of death. Mice that differed over 10-fold in their serum interferon levels after LCM infection, either by genetic predisposition or by stimulation with increasing amounts of poly(rI) . poly(rC), presented almost identical patterns of mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Immunohistochemical localization of retrogradely and anterogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) within the central nervous system of the rat: application to immunostaining of a second antigen within the same neuron.

Immunohistochemical localization of retrogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) is proposed as a sensitive histochemical technique to identify point to point connections within regions of the central nervous system. Injections of WGA into the median eminence of the hypothalamus and the caudate-putamen complex, respectively, were performed to illustrate that this material is rapidly transported over long distances and accumulates within the cytoplasm of neuronal perikarya and their processes. The applicability of this technique to identification of a second antigen within immunoreactive-WGA-labeled neurons is also demonstrated by sequential immunostaining of tyrosine hydroxylase within dopamine-containing cells of the mesencephalon, ipsilateral to an injection in the caudate-putamen complex. This technique is of use in characterizing bioaminergic neurons in the central nervous system and may also be of use in characterizing peptidergic neurons.

Animals↗