Warehouse workers' headache: carbon monoxide poisoning from propane-fueled forklifts.
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning↗
Biomedical subjects
S J Sherman
Publications and source records attributed to S J Sherman.
An evaluation of antenatal fetal acoustic stimulation.
Fetal heart rate reactivity was evaluated following acoustic stimulation testing (AST). The AST and NST (non-stress test) were compared with regards to certain adverse perinatal outcome criteria, and in a selected sample of cases, to other surveillance tests. These tests were the oxytocin challenge test (OCT) and biophysical profile (BPP). 479 tests were performed on 240 high-risk patients. The AST significantly increased fetal heart rate reactivity. With regards adverse perinatal outcome criteria, there was no significant difference between the AST and NST in relation to sensitivity, specificity or predictive values. In the 38 patients with both non-reactive NSTs and reactive ASTs, 5 (13.5%) had immediate follow-up surveillance tests (OCTs and/or BPPs) that were non-reassuring and necessitated delivery. In four of the five cases, there was evidence of potential fetal compromise. These preliminary observations suggest that the AST may have evoked reactivity in fetuses with early compromise, and raise concerns about replacing the NST with the AST as a primary screening test of fetal well-being.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Bilateral ectopic gestations.
Bilateral ectopic gestations are a rare form of double ovum pregnancy. The following case report of a patient with a ruptured ectopic gestation of the left fallopian tube and an unruptured ectopic gestation of the right fallopian tube is presented to demonstrate the importance of thoroughly examining the entire pelvis at the time of exploratory laparotomy undertaken for suspicion of ectopic pregnancy.
Adult↗
Four pathways to young-adult smoking status: adolescent social-psychological antecedents in a midwestern community sample.
Evaluated the ability of social-psychological factors, measured in adolescence, to predict young-adult smoking outcomes. Results showed substantial continuity in the antecedents of adolescent and young-adult smoking but important discontinuities as well. Beliefs in the negative social consequences of smoking and beliefs about academic success and independence were important to adolescent but not to adult smoking. Conversely, beliefs in the negative health consequences of smoking were more important to adult smoking than to adolescent smoking. Results also showed an appreciable amount of smoking onset after the high school years, as well as an appreciable amount of adolescent smoking that did not persist into young adulthood. Antecedents of late-onset smoking and of nonpersistent smoking are described.
Achievement↗
The natural history of cigarette smoking: predicting young-adult smoking outcomes from adolescent smoking patterns.
Assessed the magnitude of risk that adolescent cigarette smoking carries for adult smoking. Using a longitudinal, prospective design, results indicate that even infrequent experimentation in adolescence significantly raises the risk for adult smoking and that regular (at least monthly) adolescent smoking raises the risk for adult smoking by a factor of 16 compared to nonsmoking adolescents. Relative risk was also increased by an early onset of smoking and by a stable, uninterrupted course from experimentation to regular smoking. Relative risk did not significantly vary by age or sex. The continuity of smoking behavior between adolescence and adulthood supports the importance of primary prevention programs directed at adolescent populations.
Adolescent↗
Adolescent smokeless tobacco use: future research needs.
Future research needs in the area of adolescent smokeless tobacco use are addressed, based on the studies reported in this volume covering methodologic issues and substantive directions. In addition, we outline some implications for developing preventive interventions to deter smokeless tobacco use among adolescents.
Adolescent↗
The social image of smokeless tobacco use in three different types of teenagers.
The current study used an unobtrusive methodology to describe the social image associated with smokeless tobacco use and with cigarette smoking in three "types" of teenage models--an athlete, a cowboy, and an average teenager. As in previous research, the social image associated with smokeless tobacco use was more positive than that associated with cigarette smoking, suggesting that adopting smokeless tobacco use may have perceived social image benefits for adolescent males. The image conveyed by smokeless tobacco use was similar across the three different types of adolescent. Relations between social image factors and tobacco use behavior were examined, and implications for tobacco use prevention are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Nitrous oxide and the greenhouse effect.
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Air Pollutants↗
The changing smoking environment for middle and high school students: 1980-1983.
Cultural-historical changes in smoking prevalence and in smoking-related attitudes and beliefs were examined as part of a cohort-sequential study of 6th- to 12th-grade midwestern adolescents (N = 8681) between 1980 and 1983. Smoking prevalence decreased over the 4 years for the younger cohorts and remained unchanged for high school students. Paradoxically, however, some specific beliefs and attitudes about smoking (including health beliefs) became less negative with time. It is suggested that continuing negative social beliefs about smoking are supporting declines in smoking prevalence among younger cohorts. Implications of these cultural-historical changes for smoking behavior and smoking control are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Computed tomography appearance of adrenal vein thrombosis.
The computed tomography appearance of adrenal hemorrhage secondary to adrenal vein thrombosis is illustrated. The lesion appeared radiolucent, with a small focal calcification, mimicking an adrenal adenoma. Hypercoagulopathy was an underlying factor in this patient with myelofibrosis and chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
Recurrent psoas abscess.
Recurrence of a psoas abscess in exactly the same location is very unusual--in fact, we found no other reports in the literature. Laparotomy performed after the patient presented with the second abscess revealed an impacted calculus and diverticulitis of the appendix as the cause. Computed tomography was effective in establishing the diagnosis, but the question of the best method of treatment remains. Percutaneous drainage was insufficient in this case.
Abdomen↗
Garments for heat stress.
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Heat Exhaustion↗
Detecting and identifying change: additions versus deletions.
The recognition of changes in the features of objects was examined as a function of the nature of the change (additions, deletions, no change). In two experiments we assessed both detection (noticing whether the stimulus had changed) and identification (specifying the exact nature of the change). Both detection and identification were expected to depend upon the subject's awareness of the subsequent recognition tasks while the original stimuli were encoded. In Experiment 1, subjects were not aware of subsequent detection and identification tasks while they initially viewed study slides of the to-be-changed stimuli. During the subsequent presentation of the test stimuli, detection and identification were superior for additions. On the other hand, in Experiment 2 when subjects were aware of the subsequent recognition tasks while viewing each study slide, a detection advantage for deletions obtained. Identification performance depended upon a further factor, whether the features of a stimulus were codable. Only in codable stimuli were deletions easier to identify than additions. The differences between the two experiments in detecting and identifying additions versus deletions are consistent with Tversky's (1977) research that stresses the importance of specifying which representation (the study stimulus or the test stimulus) is the subject of comparison in the comparative judgment.
Adolescent↗
Psychosocial correlates of adolescent smokeless tobacco use.
The current study investigated psychosocial correlates of adolescent smokeless tobacco use. Subjects viewed smokeless tobacco use as less of a health danger than smoking and as more socially acceptable. The social image associated with smokeless tobacco use was an ambivalent one that in some ways matched the masculine, athletic image features in advertising. Subjects' beliefs about the health consequences of smokeless tobacco use, its social acceptability, and its associated social image related to current tobacco use and (among nonusers) to intentions to use tobacco in the future.
Adolescent↗
Stepping backward in order to step forward: an acquisition-oriented approach to primary prevention.
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Adolescent↗
Cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate and cytosolic calcium exert opposing effects on biosynthesis of tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels in rat muscle cells.
We have previously presented evidence that electrical activity and increased cytosolic calcium reduce the density of sarcolemmal tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive sodium channels in cultured rat muscle cells (Sherman, S. J., and W. A. Catterall (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 81: 262-266). We show here that growth of cells in ryanodine has a biphasic effect on sodium channel number. At low concentrations (0.3 to 10 microM) where this drug releases calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm, sodium channel number is reduced 62%; whereas, at higher concentrations where total cellular calcium is depleted, the density of sodium channels is increased 40% above control. These results provide further evidence for modulation of sodium channel number by cytosolic calcium. Growth of muscle cells in the presence of agents that mimic cyclic AMP (cAMP) action or increase intracellular cAMP levels including 8-bromo-cyclic AMP (8-BrcAMP), cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and forskolin increased sodium channel density up to 125%. This action did not involve changes in spontaneous electrical activity. Dibutyryl cGMP had no effect. Measurement of the turnover rate of sodium channels after block of channel accumulation by tunicamycin (1.5 micrograms/ml) gave a half-time of 18 hr for exponential decay of TTX-sensitive sodium channels in cultured rat muscle cells after an initial 6-hr lag period. Treatments which modulate sodium channel number through changes in cytosolic calcium or cAMP had no effect on the rate of channel turnover. The increase of sodium channel number after inhibiton of electrical activity or treatment with 8-BrcAMP was half-maximal at 17 hr, consistent with an increase in the rate of sodium channel biosynthesis and/or incorporation into the sarcolemma without a change in channel turnover time. We conclude that cytosolic calcium decreases and cAMP increases sodium channel number by modulating the rate of biosynthesis and/or processing of channel components. The biochemical mechanisms of these regulatory effects are considered.
Animals↗
Voltage clamp analysis of tetrodotoxin-sensitive and -insensitive sodium channels in rat muscle cells developing in vitro.
Sodium currents in cultured rat muscle cells converted to myoballs by treatment with colchicine were recorded using a giga-ohm seal voltage clamp procedure in the whole cell configuration. The mean peak Na+ conductance of the myoballs was 90 pS/microns2 of surface membrane. Half-maximal activation of Na+ currents was observed for test pulses to -31 mV and half-maximal inactivation was observed for prepulses to -74 mV. Titration of the inhibition of Na+ currents by tetrodotoxin (TTX) yielded a biphasic inhibition curve consistent with the presence of two classes of Na+ channels differing in affinity for TTX. The TTX-sensitive channels carried 28% of the Na+ current and had an apparent KD for TTX of 13 nM at 20 degrees C. The TTX-insensitive Na+ channels had an apparent KD for TTX of 3.2 microns. Inhibition of TTX-insensitive Na+ channels by TTX was enhanced by repetitive stimulation of the myoballs at 2 Hz, whereas the inhibition of TTX-sensitive Na+ channels by TTX was not frequency dependent. We conclude that rat muscle cells developing in vitro synthesize physiologically functional, TTX-sensitive Na+ channels in the absence of innervation. These channels, which are characteristic of adult skeletal muscle, function in parallel with TTX-insensitive Na+ channels that are present in embryonic muscle.
Animals↗