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S J Chadwick

Publications and source records attributed to S J Chadwick.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Randomised controlled trial shows that glyceryl trinitrate heals anal fissures, higher doses are not more effective, and there is a high recurrence rate.

BACKGROUND: Topical application of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) ointment heals chronic anal fissures, providing an alternative to the traditional first line treatment of surgical sphincterotomy. AIMS: To determine the most effective dose of topical GTN for treatment of chronic anal fissures and to assess long term results. METHODS: Seventy consecutive patients with chronic anal fissure, were randomly allocated to eight weeks treatment with placebo, 0.2% GTN three times daily, or GTN starting at 0.2% with weekly 0.1% increments to a maximum of 0.6%, in a double blind study. RESULTS: After eight weeks fissure had healed in 67% of patients treated with GTN compared with 32% with placebo (p=0.008). No significant difference was seen between the two active treatments. Headaches were reported by 72% of patients on GTN compared with 27% on placebo (p<0.001). Maximum anal sphincter pressure reduced significantly from baseline by GTN treatment (p=0.02), but not placebo (p=0.8). Mean pain scores were lower after treatment with GTN compared with placebo (NS). Of fissures healed with placebo 43% recurred, compared with 33% of those healed with 0.2% GTN and 25% healed with escalating dose GTN (p=0.7). CONCLUSIONS: GTN is a good first line treatment for two thirds of patients with anal fissure. An escalating dose of GTN does not result in earlier healing. Significant recurrence of symptomatic fissures and a high incidence of headaches are limitations of the treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Can serum interleukin-6 levels predict the outcome of patients with right iliac fossa pain?

In patients with right iliac fossa (RIF) pain it can be difficult to distinguish between appendicitis and nonspecific abdominal pain (NSAP). In this study we sought to determine whether serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, an early marker of acute inflammation, taken at the time of admission could predict the outcome of patients admitted with RIF pain. Data were collected in a prospective manner on 53 consecutive patients (23 male, 30 female), mean age 22.1 years (range 10-79 years). Nineteen (36%) patients underwent surgery, of whom 16 had appendicitis (histologically proven). The mean (SEM) IL-6 levels (pg/ml) in patients undergoing operation vs those receiving non-operative management were 270.8 (106.3) vs 265.0 (80.4) (P = NS). The mean white blood cell (WBC) counts (x10(9)/l) in these patients were 14.28 (0.81) vs 9.66 (0.67), respectively (P = 0.0002). When patients with a confirmed diagnosis of appendicitis were compared with patients with a diagnosis of NSAP, the IL-6 levels were 149.4 (69.1) vs 363.6 (113.2), respectively (P = NS). In the same groups of patients, the WBC counts were 14.21 (0.81) vs 9.51 (0.68) (P = 0.004). We conclude that IL-6 levels taken at the time of admission are not useful in predicting the outcome of RIF pain.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1996

Biliary sludge: can ultrasound reliably detect the presence of crystals in bile?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of routine gallbladder ultrasound in the detection of crystals in bile. METHODS: Preoperative ultrasonography was performed in 40 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. Bile was aspirated at operation and examined microscopically for the presence and quantity of crystals. RESULTS: Six patients had echogenic bile, five of whom had large numbers of crystals at microscopy, and one only a few crystals. Thirty-four patients had hypoechoic bile, nine had large numbers of crystals and 25 of these had few or no crystals at microscopy. For those patients with echogenic bile (hyper- or isoechoic) the sensitivity for detection of large numbers of crystals was 5/14 (35.7%) with a specificity of 25/26 (96%). However, if the bile was hypoechoic the sensitivity was 9/14 (65%). CONCLUSION: For those patients with echogenic bile, ultrasound is highly specific for the detection of crystals, although the sensitivity is low. By contrast, those patients with hypoechoic bile at ultrasound would need a further investigation to exclude the presence of crystals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Percutaneous endovascular covered stenting of a distal superficial femoral artery occlusion.

Peripheral vascular disease is a common problem in the elderly population. This is commonly treated nowadays by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). When PTA is used in the treatment of superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusions 35% reocclude within 1 year. Endovascular stents (uncovered) have been used to try to overcome this problem; however, results have been disappointing with reocclusion rates similar to PTA. In order to try to reduce this problem covered endovascular stents have been developed. We report the first known case in the UK of one of these stents being used in the treatment of SFA disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Metabolic and inflammatory responses after open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Metabolic and inflammatory responses and changes in fatigue were studied in groups of patients undergoing either laparoscopic (n = 14) or open (n = 10) elective cholecystectomy. The mean(s.e.m.) cortisol concentration was significantly (P < 0.001) increased from 342(80) and 424(91) nmol l-1 before operation to 895(46) and 966(53) nmol l-1 after surgery in patients undergoing laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy respectively. There was no difference in cortisol response between the groups. Glucose concentration was increased (P < 0.02) at the end of surgery from mean(s.e.m.) preoperative levels of 5.54(0.15) and 6.16(0.15) mmol l-1 to postoperative values of 7.46(0.29) and 8.46(0.86) mmol l-1 for the laparoscopic and open procedures respectively. The mean glucose concentration during the initial 12 h after surgery was significantly greater (P < 0.02) following open than laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The mean(s.e.m.) albumin concentration fell significantly (P < 0.01) during surgery by an equivalent extent from 38.9(0.77) and 38.5(1.10)g l-1 to 35.2(0.79) and 34.6(0.97) g l-1. The mean (95 per cent confidence interval) interleukin (IL)6 concentration peaked 4 h after surgery at 57.2 (44.6-73.4) pg ml-1 following laparoscopic and 99.3 (72.8-135.4) pg ml-1 after open cholecystectomy. Mean (95 per cent confidence interval) C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at 24 h were 17.0 (12.7-21.2) and 49.0 (25.3-93.6) mg l-1 and at 48 h 28.0 (21.4-35.4) and 70.0 (36.4-133.6) mg l-1 following laparoscopic and open operations. The differences in IL-6 and CRP level between the groups were significant (P < 0.01). Mean(s.e.m.) fatigue scores were significantly (P < 0.05) increased from preoperative values of 2.4(0.24) and 2.6(0.44) to 5.5(0.56) and 6.8(0.51) at 24 h after laparoscopic and open operations. At 48 h the mean(s.e.m.) fatigue score (5.6(0.57)) remained significantly (P < 0.05) raised only after open cholecystectomy. Hand grip strength was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced only after the open procedure, to a mean(s.e.m.) of 88(6) per cent of the preoperative value. These results demonstrate that aspects of the metabolic and acute-phase responses are attenuated following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, consistent with a reduction in tissue trauma.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1990

Colon wound management and prograde colonic lavage in large bowel trauma.

Between 1983 and 1987 prograde colonic lavage was prospectively evaluated in 389 patients with colon trauma. Predefined high risk patients had exteriorization of the primarily sutured colon. Intraperitoneal primary closure was otherwise used. Patients received prograde colonic lavage by random allocation. The healing exteriorized colon was interiorized 5-10 days after the initial surgery. The median age was 29 years and only 28 patients were women. Injuries were due to stab (316), gunshot (54), shotgun (10) or blunt trauma (9). Exteriorization of the primarily sutured colon was carried out in 217 patients of whom 101 had prograde colonic lavage. Twenty (9 per cent) died. Of the survivors, 150 (76 per cent) had their colon successfully interiorized and this rate was unaffected by prograde colonic lavage. Intraperitoneal primary closure was performed in 172 patients of whom 91 had prograde colonic lavage. Seven (4 per cent) died. Mortality was directly related to the number of associated injuries. Prograde colonic lavage, irrespective of the type of colonic wound management used, did not reduce the mortality rate, which was 7.2 per cent for those who had such lavage and 6.6 per cent for the rest. Prograde colonic lavage cannot therefore be recommended in colon trauma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Adaptation of jejunal to colonic mucosal autografts in experimentally induced short bowel syndrome.

The behavior of jejunal to colonic mucosal autografts was studied in an experimental animal model of short bowel syndrome (SBS). Histological appearances, enterocyte enzyme activities, and in vitro glucose transport were studied at the donor and recipient graft sites in control, short-bowel syndrome, and gastrocolic fistula 5-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Small intestinal function was maintained in the jejunocolonic graft after 80% small bowel resection; animals in which small bowel was not resected showed loss of graft function and enzyme activity. This effect is dependent on the presence of jejunal chyme: after gastrocolic fistulae, the jejunum to colon grafts lost jejunal functional activities. Total parenteral nutrition did not alter graft behavior but improved the postoperative mortality of the procedures. The results provide additional information on intestinal adaptation in SBS.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1988

Effect of splenectomy on gram-negative bacterial clearance in the presence and absence of sepsis.

Severe sepsis leads to depression of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) with delayed bloodstream clearance of particulate matter and bacteria. Splenectomy results in increased susceptibility to infection with encapsulated organisms but its effect on the resistance to postoperative Gram-negative infection has been little studied. We have investigated the effect of splenectomy on RES function by measurement of plasma fibronectin concentrations and bacterial clearance in the presence and absence of sepsis. In experiment 1, rabbits underwent splenectomy (n = 8) or laparotomy only (n = 8) 4 weeks before a second laparotomy. In experiment 2, animals had either splenectomy (n = 8) or laparotomy only (n = 8) followed 4 weeks later by devascularization of the appendix (sepsis). Plasma fibronectin concentrations and the blood clearance and organ distribution of an intravenous injection of 75Se-labelled viable Escherichia coli (2-3 X 10(8) colony forming units (c.f.u.] were measured 24 h after the second operation. Splenectomy resulted in: (1) a persistent reduction in plasma fibronectin concentration in the presence and absence of sepsis, and (2) a delay in the bloodstream clearance with reduced hepatic (Kupffer cell) uptake of E. coli which was exaggerated in the septic splenectomized animal. It is concluded that the spleen may be important for Gram-negative bacterial clearance, possibly related to its influence on plasma fibronectin concentration and Kupffer cell function.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Biliary colic after micro dieting.

A 33 year old man presented with biliary colic and transient obstructive jaundice. In the 4 weeks preceding admission he had been taking a very low calorie diet (the Cambridge Diet) and celebrated achieving his target weight with a fatty meal on the morning of admission. An ultrasound of the gallbladder suggested biliary sludge. We suggest that he developed the biliary sludge as a consequence of calorie restriction and that, following the fatty meal, the gall bladder contracted causing biliary colic and transient obstructive jaundice.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Antibody to endotoxin core glycolipid reverses reticuloendothelial system depression in an animal model of severe sepsis and surgical injury.

To study the effect of severe sepsis on the function of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) we have measured the clearance kinetics and organ distribution of both low-dose technetium tin colloid (TTC) and 75selenomethionine-labelled E. coli in rabbits 24 hours after either sham laparotomy or appendix devascularization. Sepsis resulted in similar delayed blood clearance and reduced liver (Kupffer cell) uptake of both TTC and E. coli. To investigate the ability of polyclonal antibody to E. coli-J-5 (core glycolipid) to improve RES function in the same model of sepsis, further animals were pretreated with either core glycolipid antibody or control serum (10 ml IV) 2 hours before induction of sepsis. TTC clearance kinetics were determined 24 hours later. Antibody pretreated animals showed: a reduced incidence of bacteremia; normalization of the rate of blood clearance and liver uptake of TTC; and a 'rebound' increase in splenic uptake of TTC. We conclude that antibody to E. coli-J-5 enhances bacterial clearance by the RES.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Plasma fibronectin and complement activation in coronary bypass surgery.

In patients with severe sepsis, plasma fibronectin concentrations are reduced and complement is activated. It is not known whether complement activation interferes with plasma fibronectin. Cardiopulmonary bypass is known to activate complement. We have therefore used this operation to study the effect of complement activation on plasma fibronectin in the absence of sepsis. After 15 min of bypass the percentage changes of plasma fibronectin and haematocrit were similar (65.9 +/- s.e.m. 4.8 and 67.0 per cent +/- s.e.m. 2.3, respectively), but the changes in C3 and C5 (58.4 +/- s.e.m. 4.8 per cent and 52.5 per cent +/- s.e.m. 2.1) were significantly greater than those of the haematocrit, indicating complement consumption. During the first 60 min of bypass there was a significant increase in the neutrophil count which is compatible with complement activation. It is unlikely that complement activation alone, in the absence of sepsis, contributes to the reduction of plasma fibronectin concentrations.

Adult↗