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Biomedical subjects

S J Berry

Publications and source records attributed to S J Berry.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Methods for monitoring canine prostate size: internal and external caliper measurements.

A method has been developed that allows the generation of a three-dimensional representation of the canine prostate from a pair of orthogonal radiographs. This information can be used to externally measure the length, width, and height of the prostate and from these results to calculate prostate weight. This externally estimated prostate weight is correlated closely (r = 0.90) with the actual prostate weight. The ability to generate an external caliper measurement of prostate weight will facilitate future studies of the effect of aging and hormonal manipulation on the canine prostate.

Aging↗
PubMed1984

Nuclear roundness factor. A predictor of progression in untreated Stage A2 prostate cancer.

A measurement of nuclear roundness involving computer-assisted image analysis of histologic specimens was used to predict the prognosis of 19 patients with Stage A2 prostate cancer. This technique accurately identified those tumors that clinically progressed without treatment and those that did not, in contrast to the Gleason grading system, which produced significant prognostic overlap. What separated most of these tumors was the quantification and degree of irregularity of a relatively small subpopulation of cancer nuclei among a majority of rounder nuclei. There are currently several practical limitations in the use of this method, but with improvements in technique and in methods of obtaining tissue, computerized image analysis of nuclear shape may become a valuable tool for analyzing prostate cancer in a quantitative manner, thereby providing valuable information relative to the prognosis of the individual patient.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1984

The influence of epididymal agenesis on the development and maturation of the testis: experimental model and clinical correlations.

The August X Copenhagen (ACI) rat provides an excellent model to study the effect of congenital epididymal anomalies on testicular function. Despite epididymal absence, testicular maturation and function are unchanged until puberty. At puberty, with increased testicular fluid and spermatozoa output, involution of germinal epithelium occurs. This involution is similar to the changes seen with ligation of the efferent ductules of the epididymis. These findings suggest that in this mammalian model the testis functions normally until the pubertal period. At that time, because of proximal epididymal agenesis and failure to reabsorb testicular secretions, intratesticular hydrostatic pressure increases with rapid germinal epithelial atrophy. Clinical correlations are made in patients with epididymal abnormalities, especially in association with undescended testis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia with age.

In this study we report the prevalence and growth rate of human benign prostatic hyperplasia with age by combining and analyzing data from 10 independent studies containing more than 1,000 prostates. The normal prostate reaches 20 plus or minus 6 gm. in men between 21 and 30 years old, and this weight remains essentially constant with increasing age unless benign prostatic hyperplasia develops. The prevalence of pathological benign prostatic hyperplasia is only 8 per cent at the fourth decade; however, 50 per cent of the male population has pathological benign prostatic hyperplasia when they are 51 to 60 years old. The average weight of a prostate that is recognized at autopsy to contain benign prostatic hyperplasia is 33 plus or minus 16 gm. Only 4 per cent of the prostates in men more than 70 years old reach sizes greater than 100 gm. An analysis of a logistic growth curve of benign prostatic hyperplasia lesions removed at prostatectomy indicates that the growth of benign prostatic hyperplasia is initiated probably before the patient is 30 years old. The early phase of benign prostatic hyperplasia growth (men between 31 and 50 years old) is characterized by a doubling time for the tumor weight of 4.5 years. In the mid phase of benign prostatic hyperplasia growth (men between 51 and 70 years old) the doubling time is 10 years, and increases to more than 100 years in patients beyond 70 years old.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Decreased prostatic secretory function in canine benign prostatic hyperplasia is not due to decreased levels of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

The ejaculatory volume and the prostatic secretory capacity (ml. ejaculate per gm. prostate wet weight) were determined for a group of dogs with normal and hyperplastic prostates. The ejaculatory volume and prostatic secretory capacity in dogs with BPH were decreased by 70 per cent and 80 per cent respectively, compared to dogs with normal prostates. Radioligand receptor binding using [3H]N-methylscopolamine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, was performed on a similar group of dogs with normal and hyperplastic prostates. The mean equilibrium dissociation constant for the binding of [3H]N-methylscopolamine to homogenates obtained from normal and hyperplastic prostates was 0.21 nM. and 0.19 nM. respectively, demonstrating that the affinity of the receptor binding sites was not altered by the development of BPH. The tissue density of the muscarinic cholinergic receptors (fmol. per mg. prostate wet weight) and the cellular density of these receptors (fmol. per mg. DNA) were not significantly different in normal and hyperplastic prostates. These data indicate that the dramatic reduction in prostatic secretory capacity associated with canine BPH is not related to changes in the muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding capacity.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Comparative aspects of prostatic growth and androgen metabolism with aging in the dog versus the rat.

In untreated rats and dogs, there is a species-specific time period when proliferative growth of the prostate normally occurs during which the gland grows to its maximum normal cellular content. In both species, after the prostate has reached its maximum normal cellular content, which requires 1 yr for the rat and 2 yr for the dog, net proliferative prostatic growth ceases and is replaced by a steady state maintenance of the gland. When 2-yr-old dogs with starting prostates already at their maximum normal cellular content are subsequently treated for 4 months with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), such treatment induces an additional 2-fold abnormal proliferative increase in prostatic cell number above that seen in normal glands from untreated dogs of any age. In direct contrast to the dog, when rats are treated with exogenous DHT for as long as 650 days, such treatment cannot induce any abnormal overgrowth of the gland above the maximum size normally obtained by 365 days of life in untreated control rats. Studies of prostatic androgen metabolism suggest that the differential susceptibility of the dog and rat prostate to DHT-induced abnormal hyperplasia is related to the differential ability of DHT treatment to increase the gland's ability for net DHT formation. This suggestion is based upon the fact that only in the DHT-treated dog, and not the rat, can such DHT treatment induce changes in several of the prostatic activities of DHT metabolism resulting in a 2.5-fold increase in the gland's overall ability for net DHT formation. These results indicate that changes in prostatic DHT metabolism which result in an increased prostatic ability for net DHT formation may be essential in abnormal hyperplasia of the prostate.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Testis function in rhesus monkeys treated with a contraceptive steroid formulation.

Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were treated with testosterone (100 micrograms/kg/day) plus estradiol (0.5 micrograms/kg/day) via subcutaneous polydimethylsiloxane (PDS;Silastic) implants for thirteen months. This steroid regimen inhibited LH but not FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary, inhibited testicular testosterone and estradiol production and drastically reduced the numbers of vigorously motile spermatozoa in the ejacula. Importantly, these effects on testis function were achieved at dosages of testosterone and estradiol which approximate the amount of these two steroids produced daily in normal rhesus males.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia in the beagle. Age-associated changes in serum hormone levels, and the morphology and secretory function of the canine prostate.

This paper is a cross-sectional study of spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a single canine species. The effects of aging and hormonal changes on the growth, histology, and glandular secretory function of the canine prostate were studied in 42 male beagles ranging in age from 8 mo to 9 yr. The beagle prostate enlarges for at least 6 yr, whether normal or hyperplastic. In contrast, prostatic secretory function, determined by ejaculate volume and total ejaculate protein, declines markedly after 4 yr of age. These reciprocal growth and functional changes in the prostate are closely associated with a progressive increase in the incidence of BPH, which is already apparent in some dogs by age two. With age there is a modest decrease in serum androgen levels with no apparent change in serum 17 beta-estradiol levels. This suggests that the growth and functional changes that are associated with the development of BPH and are initiated very early in life reflect an altered sensitivity of the prostate to serum androgens or a response to the relative decrease in the serum androgen to estrogen ratio.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Dihydrotestosterone concentration of beagle prostatic tissue: effect of age and hyperplasia.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentration was measured in prostatic tissue obtained from castrate or intact beagles treated with androgens and/or estradiol-17 beta. Also DHT concentration was measured in prostatic tissue of beagles ranging from 0.7-9.2 yr; some with and others without spontaneously occurring benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Three major results were forthcoming. First, a linear, positive correlation was observed between prostatic weight and DHT concentration in castrated or intact beagles treated with 11 of 15 steroid hormone regimens. Four additional treatments including intact or castrated beagles treated with either DHT or 5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha,17 beta-diol alone resulted in high concentrations of prostatic DHT but not equally high prostatic weight. Thus, prostatic DHT concentration is not always tightly coupled with prostate weight in the beagle. Second, there was no significant (P greater than 0.25) difference in prostatic DHT concentration between dogs with histologically normal prostates and those with spontaneous BPH. Thus, contrary to earlier reports, the tissue concentration of DHT in dog prostatic hyperplasia is not supranormal. Third, there was a dramatic change in prostatic DHT concentration which peaked at 3.8 yr. We conclude that steroid hormone treatment regimens which caused elevated prostatic DHT concentrations did not always result in equally high prostatic weight in the beagle. Also, if androgens like DHT are related causally to BPH in the dog, they probably play a permissive rather than an inductive role in the disease process.

Aging↗
PubMed1982

Computerized image analysis of nuclear shape as a prognostic factor for prostatic cancer.

Computer assisted image analysis was used to determine quantitative and reproducible nuclear morphology of 17 totally excised pathological specimens from stage B-2 prostatic cancer in an attempt to correlate histopathological analysis with clinical prognosis for the individual patient. We describe a nuclear roundness factor that correlates with the clinical outcome of the individual patient. This nuclear shape factor appears to identify prostatic tumors with a high metastatic potential from tumors that are less aggressive. Quantitative nuclear image analysis, its accuracy, and reproducibility are described and discussed. This technique may provide the pathologist with a valuable tool for analyzing prostatic cancer cells in a quantitative manner, thereby contributing precise information to the urologist relevant to the prognosis of the individual patient.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1982

A new method to assess metastatic potential of human prostate cancer: relative nuclear roundness.

A new technique has been developed that helped in an accurate prediction of the prognosis of 27 patients with stages B1 and B2 prostatic cancer following radical prostatectomy. This method involves computer-assisted image analysis of histological specimens of the primary lesion removed at the time of radical perineal prostatectomy. On the basis of a nuclear shape factor, known as nuclear roundness, we have been able to distinguish those tumors with a high metastatic potential from tumors that are less aggressive. This technique provides pathologists with quantitative information about the metastatic potential of a tumor, which may aid in the management of the individual patient.

Adenocarcinoma↗