Comparison of plasma metabolite concentrations and lactate dehydrogenase activity in dogs, cats, horses, cattle and sheep.
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Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
Biomedical subjects
S Imai
Publications and source records attributed to S Imai.
Secretory IgA, salivary peroxidase, and catalase-mediated microbicidal activity during hydrogen peroxide catabolism in viridans streptococci: pathogen coaggregation.
Viridans streptococci can kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) through the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). However, several hundred viridans streptococci cells are necessary to kill 1 cfu of MRSA. We analyzed the potency of bactericidal and fungicidal effector molecules induced by catabolism of H2O2 in the oral cavity. Secretory IgA (SIgA) and an unidentified salivary component bound Streptococcus sanguinis, a viridans streprococcus, and MRSA into coaggregates. In these coaggregates, salivary peroxidase and the MRSA catalase produced singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) from H2O2 produced by viridans streptococci. SIgA converted 1O2 into ozone, which has potent bactericidal and fungicidal activity. We calculated that <10 cfu of Streptococcus sanguinis were necessary to kill 1 cfu of MRSA in the coaggregate. SIgA, Aspergillus niger catalase, and H2O2 in saliva killed Candida albicans, which is highly resistant to reagent H2O2. Together with indigenous bacteria and innate immunity, SIgA potentially constitutes a novel system that may sustain oral homeostasis.
Adult↗
Effect of supplementation of Agaricus mushroom meal extracts on enzyme activities in peripheral leukocytes of calves.
To investigate the effect of Agaricus mushroom meal on the energy metabolism in animal tissues; plasma glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations and activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism in plasma and peripheral leukocytes were measured in Japanese Black WagyuxHolstein F1 calves supplemented with Agaricus blazei Murill (A. blazei) extract in milk-replacer at the dose of 60g/head/day for 4 weeks. Activities of malate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase in cytosol and glutamate dehydrogenase in mitochondria, and the malate dehydrogenase/lactate dehydrogenase ratio in cytosol in peripheral leukocytes of calves with A. blazei were significantly higher than those in control calves without A. blazei. It was concluded that supplementation of Agaricus mushroom meal extract was effective in activation of enzymes related to energy metabolism in peripheral leukocytes of calves.
Agaricus↗
Comparison of activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism in peripheral leukocytes and livers between Holstein dairy cows and ICR mice.
Activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism and isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined in peripheral leukocytes and livers of Holstein dairy cows and Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. In dairy cow liver, activities of enzymes in glycolysis, malate-aspartate shuttle and lipogenesis were lower, but activities of glucose-6-phosphatase in gluconeogenesis were higher than those in mouse liver. Glucokinase activities were below detection limit in leukocytes and liver of the cows. Dairy cow leukocytes and liver showed the isoenzyme patterns with dominance of LDH-1, -2 and-3, whereas mouse leukocytes and liver showed that LDH-5 was dominant. The LDH isoenzyme patterns were very similar between leukocytes and liver in each animal species. Some enzymes in leukocytes may reflect those enzymes activities in liver and be a useful indicator for energy metabolism in animals.
Animals↗
MRI appearance of primary giant ovarian leiomyoma in a hysterectomised woman.
Primary leiomyoma is a rare, benign tumour of the ovary. We describe the MRI features of an ovarian leiomyoma identified in a 51-year-old woman after hysterectomy. The tumour appeared as a well-circumscribed low signal intensity mass on T(1) weighted imaging, with mixed signal intensity on T2 weighted imaging. Areas of high signal intensity on T2 weighted imaging corresponded to degeneration of leiomyoma. Dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging revealed early enhancement of the lesion. MRI appearance was thus similar to that of uterine leiomyoma. This case suggests the potential usefulness of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for the diagnosis of ovarian leiomyoma.
Female↗
Optimization of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha single chain Fv displayed on phages for creation of functional antibodies.
In this study, we converted the immunoglobulin-type anti-human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) monoclonal antibody (Mab) to a scFv-type antibody in order to assess its basic properties. The immunoglobulin VH and VL genes were isolated from the hybridoma that produced an anti-TNF-alpha neutralizing Mab, and they were then linked together to create scFvs of the VL-VH or VH-VL-form. The binding affinity to TNF-a was retained in both scFvs. Interestingly, the VL-VH-type scFv effectively inhibited the TNF-alpha-mediated cytotoxicity, while this neutralization activity was dramatically decreased in the VH-VL-type scFv. These results suggest that the VL-VH-type scFv is a suitable template to create improved versions of the anti-TNF-alpha antibody using a phage display system, and they also show that the structural format must be taken into account in manufacturing scFvs.
Antibodies, Blocking↗
Changes in peripheral leukocytes enzymes activity and plasma metabolite concentrations in growing Holstein calves.
Plasma metabolite and immunoreactive insulin concentrations and activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism in peripheral leukocytes were measured in growing Holstein calves. A ratio of girth of abdomen divided by girth of thorax (A/T ratio) of calves was significantly elevated after weaning, and the A/T ratio maybe a good indicator to evaluate rumen development. Plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentrations were changed in calves accompanying change in feeding. Activities of lactate dehydrogenase with pyruvate as substrate (LDH-P) and hexokinase (HK) in cytosolic fractions of peripheral leukocytes decreased significantly after weaning the calves reflecting the change of energy source from milk replacer with high percentages of fat and glucose and lactose as absorbable carbohydrate to pelleted feed containing starch as less absorbable carbohydrate and roughage. Some peripheral leukocyte enzymes such as LDH and HK may be good indicators to evaluate changes in energy metabolism of growing calves.
Abdomen↗
Subtypes of peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung: differentiation by thin-section CT.
The purpose of this study was to scrutinize morphological characteristics of thin-section CT of the histopathological subtypes of adenocarcinoma of the lung. The subjects consisted of 83 patients with 87 adenocarcinomas measuring 3 cm or less in the largest. The tumors were divided into three groups (group I: Noguchi's histological subtypes type A and B tumors, group II: type C tumors, and group III: type D, E, and F tumors). In each group, tumor size, shape (round versus polygonal), presence of air bronchogram, bubble-like areas, coarse spiculation, pleural tag, and ratio of ground glass attenuation (GGA) were evaluated. Most of the group II lesions showed polygonal shape, whereas tumors in other groups were round in shape (P<0.01). Air bronchogram and bubble-like areas of low attenuation was seen more frequently in group II compared with those in group III (P<0.01). GGA areas were largest in group I and smallest in group III (P<0.01). We believe thin-section CT findings reflect the histopathological subtypes of adenocarcinoma of the lung. The presence of air bronchogram and bubble-like areas of low attenuation areas in particular is useful to differentiate replacement growth tumors from non-replacement growth tumors.
Adenocarcinoma↗
The lower lumbar spine moment and the axial rotational motion of a body during one-handed and double-handed backhand stroke in tennis.
To analyze the load on the lumbar spine and the motion pattern of a body during a backhand stroke when playing tennis, kinematic and kinetic data of eleven amateur tennis players were collected. Each subject performed one-handed and double-handed strokes at low, medium, and high racket speeds. The three-dimensional motion of the strokes was optically measured by tracking markers attached to their body segments. Floor reaction forces were measured for the right and left feet separately. Using the body motion and the floor reaction force data, the lower lumbar spine moment was calculated based on a segment-link model. Peak and plateau values of the joint moment before and after ball impact were analyzed statistically using a factorial ANOVA (stroke, racket speed). Similarly, the axial rotation angle of the pelvis against the feet and that of the shoulder against the pelvis were analyzed. In all the moments except the lateral bending moment before ball impact and all the rotation angles, there were significant main effects of racket speed. The one-handed strokes showed significantly smaller extension moment before ball impact as well as smaller lateral bending and axial rotation moments after ball impact than the double-handed strokes. The one-handed strokes also showed a significantly smaller axial rotation angle of the shoulder against the pelvis and that of the pelvis against the feet. These results indicate that during one-handed strokes the shoulder and elbow joints share the rotational motion necessary for backhand strokes and consequently reduce the maximal moments imposed on the spinal joints.
Adult↗
Cooperative ordering of gapped and gapless spin networks in Cu2Fe2Ge4O13.
The unusual magnetic properties of a novel low-dimensional quantum ferrimagnet Cu2Fe2Ge4O13 are studied using bulk methods, neutron diffraction, and inelastic neutron scattering. It is shown that this material can be described in terms of two low-dimensional quantum spin subsystems, one gapped and the other gapless, characterized by two distinct energy scales. Long-range magnetic ordering observed at low temperatures is a cooperative phenomenon caused by weak coupling of these two spin networks.
Journal Article↗
Increased level of neuronal phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma by the activation of mu-opioid receptor in the mouse periaqueductal gray matter: further evidence for the implication in morphine-induced antinociception.
It has been proposed that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), one of the phosphatidylinositol kinases, can be regulated by G-protein-coupled receptor as well as nerve growth factor-associated receptors. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether in vivo treatment with morphine, a mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, could directly regulate PI3Kgamma isoform in the mouse periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). Using the polyclonal antibody recognizing a p110gamma catalytic subunit of PI3Kgamma, PI3Kgamma-like immunoreactivity (IR) was mostly seen in the membrane of the cell labeled by anti-neuron-specific nuclear protein. A single s.c. injection of morphine caused a marked increase in the number of PI3Kgamma-IR expressing cells in the PAG. Double immunolabeling assay showed that MOR-IR was mostly overlapped with PI3Kgamma-IR on the cell surface in the PAG section. Additionally, phosphorylated-phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1-IR) was highly detected in the membrane compartment of the increased PI3Kgamma-IR-positive cells of this region. Further pharmacological evidence for the critical role of PI3Kgamma in MOR-mediated antinociceptive response was provided by the warm-plate test. The dose-response lines for antinociceptive effects of morphine were significantly shifted to the right following i.c.v. treatment with PI3K inhibitors. These findings suggested that acute treatment with morphine may directly activate the PI3Kgamma/PLCgamma1 pathway in the PAG. This effect may, at least in part, result in the expression of morphine-induced pharmacological actions including antinociception in mice.
Analgesics, Opioid↗
Load of heavy metals in the airborne dust particulates of an urban city of central India.
The geographical and temporal distribution patterns of airborne dust particulates have been studied in different representative areas of Raipur City. Dust fall samples from different sites were collected and some selected toxic metals namely Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb and Pb in them were determined by AAS. Total annual flux of 11.7, 541.4, 2751.0, 14.2, 9.8, 90.9, 17.6, and 17.7 kg km(-2) y(-1) were measured for Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb, and Pb respectively. The occurrence of metal concentration were generally in the order industrial > heavy traffic > commercial > residential area in Raipur city. The results of analysis show the existence of toxic metal concentration in the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb approximately Sb > Ni > Cr > Cu in Raipur city. These large levels of metal pollutants have also been correlated with some meteorological parameters like temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity, and strong positive correlations have been observed.
Air Pollutants↗
Testicular atrophy after bile duct ligation in chickens.
Testicular atrophy associated with biliary obstruction in chickens, produced by the ligation of both extrahepatic bile ducts, was examined grossly, histologically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally. Grossly, reduction in testicular size and volume was evident in chickens that underwent bile duct ligation (BDL). Histologically, there was marked reduction in tubular diameter, peritubular fibrosis, loss of spermatogenic cells, and tubules lined only by Sertoli cells. In addition, Leydig cells, which accumulated in the interstitium of the testes, contained numerous large lipid vacuoles, as determined by electron microscopy. These features suggest that BDL in chickens causes hypogonadism and low serum testosterone.
Animals↗
Determination of the position and orientation of artificial knee implants using markers embedded in a bone: preliminary in vitro experiments.
This study describes the method of determination of the position and orientation of artificial knee implants using a single-plane radiograph. To simplify the 3D/2D matching problem, we proposed to use small markers embedded in a bone. From the image coordinates of markers, it is possible to estimate the position and orientation of implants if the relationship between the markers and the implant is known. The results of the in vitro experiment showed that rms errors in in-plane/out-of-plane translations and rotations were 0.2/2.3 mm and 0.2/0.2 degrees, respectively.
Algorithms↗
Plant biochemistry: an onion enzyme that makes the eyes water.
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Biological Factors↗
High insulin enhances neutrophil transendothelial migration through increasing surface expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 via activation of mitogen activated protein kinase.
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: There is increasing evidence that hyperinsulinaemia is linked with the development of atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes. However, the mechanisms by which hyperinsulinaemia causes accelerated atherosclerosis, especially with respect to leukocytes transendothelial migration, are poorly understood. We examined whether hyperinsulinaemia directly affects neutrophil transendothelial migration and surface expression of related endothelial adhesion molecules. METHODS: Experiments on the transmigration of neutrophils from healthy volunteers and from patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus across human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured in insulin-rich medium using cell-culture inserts were carried out. Migrated neutrophils were quantified by measuring their myeloperoxidase activities, and the surface expression of endothelial adhesion molecules was examined using an enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: High insulin (over 50 microU/ml for 24 h) enhanced neutrophil transendothelial migration in a dose-dependent manner. This was associated with increased expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) but not of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin or E-selectin. Both phenomena were attenuated by pretreatment with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, especially a mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, but not by inhibitors of other second messengers. In addition, a mitogen-activated protein kinase activator, anisomycin, by itself enhanced both neutrophil transendothelial migration and PECAM-1 expression within 3 h in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with nitric oxide synthase inhibitors had no effect on these events. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: These results suggest that hyperinsulinaemia could accelerate atherosclerosis by directly enhancing neutrophil transendothelial migration through increasing endothelial PECAM-1 expression via mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.
Cells, Cultured↗
Articular cartilage degradation and de-differentiation of chondrocytes by the systemic administration of retinyl acetate-ectopic production of osteoblast stimulating factor-1 by chondrocytes in mice.
OBJECTIVE: Vitamin A derivatives are widely used therapeutic agents for the treatment of dermatological and rheumatological disorders. Long-standing administration of these drugs, in turn, causes skeletal changes including ossification of ligaments, premature fusion of epiphyses and abnormalities of modeling. Recent in vitro experiments have further suggested that retinoid treatment of cultured chondrocytes may cause apoptotic cell death. The present study aims to address detailed cartilage changes associated with in vivo administration of vitamin A derivatives. METHODS: Retinyl acetate was administrated to experimental mice, C3H-Heston, for more than 12 months. Modified morphometry on the articular cartilage and fluorescent labeling of the subchondral bone were carried out to address the changes in the articular cartilage and subchondral bone. In order to address the detailed chondrocytes phenotypes, electron microscopy was carried out. Since findings of these studies suggested that biological properties of the cartilage matrix might be altered, the present study also immunolocalized functional matrix molecules, type I collagen and osteoblast-stimulating factor-1 (OSF-1). RESULTS: Histomorphometry demonstrated that retinoid administration lead to progressive atrophy of the articular cartilage with concomitant proliferation of subchondral bone. Furthermore, detailed light and electron microscopy suggested that the subchondral bone proliferates into the degenerating cartilage. The affected articular cartilage also resembled that of osteoarthritis in terms of ectopic type I collagen production. Furthermore, the affected articular cartilage produced a developmentally regulated matrix molecule, osteoblast-stimulating factor-1 (OSF-1) that is normally expressed in both the fetal cartilage and the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage but not in the articular cartilage. CONCLUSION: The present results indicate that the systemic retinoid administration may alter the biological properties of the articular cartilage.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
Neuropeptides in experimental and degenerative arthritis.
Classical symptoms of both inflammatory and degenerative arthritides may contribute to neurogenic responses like wheal, flare, edema, and pain. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with an immunogenetic background. Neurogenic inflammation has been considered to play an essential role in RA, in part because of the symmetrical involvement (cross-spinal reflexes) and the predominant involvement of the most heavily innervated small joints of the hands and the feet (highly represented in the hominiculus). In contrast, osteoarthritis (OA) is considered to arise as a result of degeneration of the hyaline articular cartilage, which secondarily results in local inflammation and pain. However, it is possible that the age-related and predominant (compared to nociceptive nerves) degeneration of the proprioceptive, kinesthetic and vasoregulatory nerves can represent the primary pathogenic events. This leads to progressive damage of tissue with extremely poor capacity for self-regeneration. Inflammation, be it primary/autoimmune or secondary/degenerative, leads to peripheral sensitization and stimulation, which may further lead to central sensitization, neurogenic amplification of the inflammatory responses and activation of the neuro-endocrine axis. Neuropeptides serve as messengers, which modulate and mediate the actions in these cascades. Accordingly, many neuropeptides have been used successfully as experimental treatments, most recently VIP, which effectively controlled collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Therefore, it can safely be concluded that better treatment/control of disease activity and pain can be achieved by blocking the cascade leading to initiation and/or amplification of inflammatory process combined with effects on central nociceptive and neuroendocrine responses.
Animals↗