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Biomedical subjects

S Holmgren

Publications and source records attributed to S Holmgren.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Bombesin-like immunoreactive material in the gut, and the effect of bombesin on the stomach circulatory system of an elasmobranch fish, Squalus acanthias.

The distribution, nature and amount of bombesin-like immunoreactivity (IR) in the gastrointestinal canal and its afferent vessels was investigated in the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) together with the in vitro effect of synthetic bombesin on perfusion flow through the vascularly perfused dogfish stomach. Nerve fibres showing bombesin-like IR frequently occurred in the walls of the anterior mesenteric and coeliac arteries and the intrinsic vessels of the gut. Chromatographic studies revealed that multiple peaks of bombesin-like IR material were present in extracts of the spiny dogfish gastrointestinal vessels. Bombesin-like IR was also present in muscle and mucosal layers of the gut with higher levels in muscle compared with mucosa, and higher levels in the stomach than in the intestine and the rectum. Exogenous bombesin increased the flow through the vasculary perfused spiny dogfish stomach in a dose-dependent manner. Studies with tetrodotoxin and atropine showed that bombesin probably exerts its effect directly on the vascular musculature. It is concluded from this study that bombesin-like material is present in nerves innervating the gut circulatory system of the spiny dogfish. Bombesin may affect the blood-flow to the gastrointestinal canal, possibly via a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Gastrin/CCK-like peptides in the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias; concentrations and actions in the gut.

1. The presence of gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactive material in both muscle and mucosal layers of the whole gut, except the cardiac stomach, in Squalus acanthias has been confirmed by radioimmunoassay. The highest levels were measured in rectum and spiral intestine respectively. 2. Fractionation of the spiral intestine mucosal extract on DEAE 52 columns indicated the presence of multiple forms of gastrin/CCK in the elasmobranch gut. 3. Synthetic mammalian gastrin- and CCK-like peptides, when effective, increased the rhythmic activity and sometimes the basal tonus in smooth muscle preparations from the intestine or rectum. 4. The irregular effects of mammalian peptides on the motility indicated an essential difference from the mammalian counterpart in the structure of the elasmobranch peptide present in the gastrointestinal nerves.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Impulsivity and long-term prognosis of psychiatric patients with anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa.

Few if any reliable indicators of long-term outcome have been found in eating disorders. Impulsivity was the strongest predictor in the present study of 35 adults with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. This variable accounted for 25% of anorectic symptoms at 2 to 3 years follow-up and 14% at 4 to 6 years (Eating Attitudes Test). The relationship was specific insofar as impulsivity predicted neither depression nor overall mental health. Cognitive impairment may be one reason for the poor prognosis of impulsive patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Bombesin-like immunoreactivity and the effect of bombesin in the gut, circulatory system and lung of the caiman, Caiman crocodylus crocodylus, and the crocodile, Crocodylus porosus.

The presence of bombesin-like material in nerves and endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal canal, the circulatory system and the lung of the caiman, Caiman crocodylus crocodylus, has been investigated with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). The effect of bombesin has been studied on the vascularly perfused lung and on isolated strip preparations of the gut wall of the caiman, and on the circulatory system in vivo in both the caiman and the crocodile, Crocodylus porosus. Bombesin-like immunoreactivity is present in water and acid extracts of the muscle layer and the mucosal layer of the gut. IHC demonstrated a dense network of nerve fibres in the sub-mucosa, circular muscle layer and myenteric plexus of the whole gut. A more sparse innervation by single fibres often following septal edges or small vessels is found in the lung. Systemic vessels are innervated by a loose plexus of small fibre bundles. The levels of immunoreactive material in the lung and heart were low. Bombesin is excitatory on strip preparations of the smooth muscle layers of the intestinal wall, and causes an increase in inflow resistance in the perfused lung. In vivo, bombesin increases the blood flow in the left aorta and the coeliac artery.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMed1988

Neuropeptides in the fish gut. An immunohistochemical study of evolutionary patterns.

The presence and distribution of bombesin-, enkephalin-, gastrin/cholecystokinin-, neuropeptide Y-, neurotensin-, somatostatin-, substance P-, and VIP-like immunoreactivities in gut nerves of representatives of nineteen cyclostome, elasmobranch and teleost species have been studied. The results have been correlated to results from previous studies in other species. Nerve plexuses showing bombensin-like, substance P-like and VIP-like immunoreactivity are commonly occurring, while other neuropeptides may have a more varied distribution. Tentative evolutionary patterns, and the possible function and importance of each peptide is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Occurrence and effects on motility of bombesin related peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.

1. Low levels of bombesin-like immunoreactivity (less than 1.10 pmol/g tissue), eluting at the same position as synthetic bombesin and litorin, have been measured in muscle and mucosa of the gastrointestinal canal of the cod, Gadus morhua. 2. Immunohistochemistry showed bombesin-like material in endocrine cells and nerves throughout the gut. Intensity and absorption controls indicated a difference in character between the peptides present in stomach and intestinal muscle respectively. 3. Stomach motility was stimulated by bombesin (pD2 = 8.27 +/- 0.19), litorin (8.03 +/- 0.04) and (less potently) GRP (less than 7.46 +/- 0.22). Litorin (8.21 +/- 0.31) had an inhibitory effect on intestinal motility. 4. In conclusion, one or several bombesin-like peptides may be involved in the control of gastrointestinal motility in the cod, causing opposite effects on stomach and intestine. The structure of the peptide in gastric nerves may differ from that in intestinal nerves.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity in endocrine cells and nerves in the gastrointestinal tract of the cod, Gadus morhua, and the effect of peptides of the gastrin/CCK family on cod gastrointestinal smooth muscle.

Immunohistochemistry shows the presence of one or several gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK)-like peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Immunoreactive (IR) endocrine cells are present mainly in the lower part of the cardiac and in the pyloric stomach, with a concentration to the inner curvature, and in the proximal part of the intestine, especially in the area of the pyloric caeca, after which the population density of IR cells decreases anally. IR nerve fibers are found in the myenteric plexus and muscle layers of the stomach only. Radioimmunoassays, performed with two C-terminal specific gastrin/CCK antisera, confirm the immunohistochemical findings. The highest levels of IR material are found in the mucosa of the pyloric caeca, the proximal intestine, and the pyloric part of the stomach. The smooth muscle layers contain IR material in a decreasing gradient toward the rectum. The excitatory effect of gastrin/CCK-related peptides on gut smooth muscle is investigated in isolated strip preparations of the gut wall. Of the peptides tested, cerulein is the most potent, followed by CCK 8 and gastrin 17, while gastrin 5 is the least effective. Sulphated CCK 8 gives a higher amplitude of the response but in the same concentration range as nonsulphated CCK 8. It is concluded that one or several gastrin/CCK-like peptides are present in the gut of the cod and may be involved in the nervous and endocrine control of the cod gut motility.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Substance P-like immunoreactivity and the effects of tachykinins in the intestine of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.

The substance P (SP)-like peptides present in the intestine of the cod, Gadus morhua, were studied by immunochemical techniques. The amount of SP-like material in extracts of the intestine was quantified using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Immunohistochemistry indicated that the SP-like material detected in nerve fibres and endocrine cells of the intestine is more closely related to SP than to the other tachykinins used in the study. The excitatory response of SP on the vascularly perfused cod intestine was reduced or abolished by treatment with atropine, methysergide or tetrodotoxin. The results indicate that SP acts partly via cholinergic and serotonergic neurons and partly directly on the smooth muscle cells of the intestine. The effect of SP was compared to the effects of 5 other tachykinins. No great difference was found between the potencies of the tachykinins, suggesting that the receptors present are most similar to the SP-P type of receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Age at onset of affective disorders in Italian and Swedish patients.

Variability of age at onset in affective disorder is a complex event where several variables play a role, resulting in a detectable observed distribution which can be viewed as related to the structural mechanism of the disease. To confirm previous results on factors affecting the distribution of onset in affective disorders, we studied its distribution pattern in two different populations, Italian and Swedish, with an analytic approach that does not require specifications of any a priori hypothesis. The findings in this study, however, tend to confirm the biological nature of the age of onset phenomenon and to exclude cultural determinants. On the other hand, it does not exclude that other factors, not considered in this study, may be operating. This result is very important under the hypothesis of a genetic ethiopathogenesis of affective disorders, and some of its implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Acute effects of different antidepressant drugs on saliva secretion and accommodation range.

In a double blind controlled cross-over trial on 20 healthy volunteers, the anticholinergic side-effects of single doses of amitriptyline (75 mg), zimelidine (100 mg), maprotiline (75 mg), and placebo were compared. Anticholinergic side-effects were determined by means of self-rating of dryness in the mouth (visual analogue scale), determination of unstimulated and stimulated saliva secretion rate and accommodation range. There were no significant effects recorded after intake of placebo, which supports the test-retest reliability and the validity of the methods. Amitriptyline produced the most pronounced anticholinergic side-effects followed by maprotiline and zimelidine in decreasing order. There were no significant correlations between self-rating of dry mouth and saliva secretion rate or between accommodation ability and saliva secretion rate.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Long-term effects of two principally different antidepressant drugs on saliva secretion and composition.

In a double-blind, controlled, cross-over trial on 10 healthy volunteers, the effects of daily doses of maprotiline (75 mg) and zimelidine (100 mg) over a 14-day period were tested on saliva secretion rate and saliva composition. Based on current knowledge of salivary gland physiology and the difference in specificity between the two drugs, differences in salivary gland response could be expected. Since both drugs have anticholinergic effects which influence saliva secretion rate, the measured component concentrations had to be recalculated with regard to dependencies of secretion rate. Maprotiline, but not zimelidine, caused strong inhibition of secretion rate and accommodation ability. Maprotiline consistently caused around 50% increases in concentrations of the following saliva components: protein, amylase, fucose, hexose, sialic acid and potassium. The effects of zimelidine were less pronounced and resulted in initial increases of most organic components. 14 and 18 h after the intake of the drug these increases had disappeared and some of the components instead showed decreased concentrations. The results are consistent with current theories about facilitated serotoninergic and noradrenergic transmissions during treatment with antidepressants.

Absorption↗
PubMed1986

Acute effects of some different antidepressant drugs on saliva composition.

In a double-blind controlled cross-over trial on 20 healthy volunteers, the acute effects of single doses of amitriptyline (75 mg), zimelidine (100 mg), maprotiline (75 mg), and placebo were tested on saliva composition. From the current knowledge of the physiological regulation of the salivary glands and the different specificities of the three drugs, different responses from the salivary glands could be expected. As all three drugs have anticholinergic effects that influence the saliva secretion, the concentrations of secreted saliva components had to be recalculated with regard to changes in secretion rate. No changes in saliva composition were recorded after the intake of placebo. The most pronounced changes were observed after amitriptyline intake. Amitriptyline caused increases in the concentrations of proteins, glycoproteins, calcium and potassium. Zimelidine initially decreased the concentrations of glycoproteins and increased the concentration of calcium. Maprotiline increased the concentrations of proteins and sodium. Most of the results fit in well with the theories about facilitated serotoninergic and adrenergic transmission during treatment with antidepressants.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Parental loss by death in the early childhood of depressed patients and of their healthy siblings.

The incidence of parental loss by death before the age of 15 was investigated in a series of 200 depressed patients, sub-divided into unipolars, bipolars and neurotic-reactive depressives, and in their healthy siblings at risk. The age of onset of illness of patients who had lost a parent before 15 was compared with that of depressed controls. No excess of parental loss at any age was found in any of the patient sub-groups, as compared with their healthy siblings, nor did parental loss affect the age of onset of later depression. The results do not support the assumption that the loss of either parent by death in early childhood is significantly associated with depression in adult life, though parental death may be an important variable for individual patients.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1986

Eating disorders in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

The frequency of anorectic/bulimic disturbances in a sample of male and female subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was compared to that of male and female normal controls. The results suggest an overrepresentation of anorexia/bulimia in the female diabetics. Prevalence of eating disorders was determined from the scores on the Eating Attitudes Test. As a group, the female diabetics had significantly (p less than .05) higher scores on the test, suggesting a greater "awareness" of topics related to food and eating. The results are discussed within a risk-factor model, in which insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus may be viewed as one factor in the development of eating disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Neuropeptides in the gastrointestinal canal of Necturus maculosus. Distribution and effects on motility.

The presence and distribution of regulatory peptides in nerves and endocrine cells of the stomach, intestine and rectum of a urodele amphibian, the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus, was studied immunohistochemically in sections or whole-mount preparations of the gut wall. The effect of the occurring peptides on gut motility was studied in isolated strip preparations of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle from different parts of the gut. Bombesin-, neurotensin-, substance P- and VIP-like immunoreactivity was present in abundant nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus of both stomach, intestine and rectum. Single fibres or bundles were present in the circular muscle layer and in a well-developed deep muscular plexus in the intestine and rectum. Immunoreactive nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus of the stomach, intestine (neurotensin only) and rectum. Gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity was observed only in a few fibres in stomach and rectum. Endocrine cells containing bombesin-, met-enkephalin-, gastrin/CCK-, neurotensin-, somatostatin- or substance P- like immunoreactivity were present in the mucosa. The effect of bombesin was an inhibition of the rhythmic activity in circular muscle preparations and in longitudinal muscle from the rectum, while longitudinal muscle from the stomach usually responded with a weak increase in tonus. Neurotensin, like-bombesin, was inhibitory on the spontaneous rhythmic activity of circular muscle throughout the gut, while the effect on longitudinal muscle was an increase in tonus. Met-enkephalin and substance P increased the tonus of all types of preparations, and often, in addition, initiated a rhythmic activity superimposed on this maintained tonus. VIP had a general inhibitory effect on the preparations, decreasing tonus and/or abolishing rhythmic activity. It is concluded that bombesin-, neurotensin-, substance P- and VIP-like peptides are present in nerves throughout the urodele gut and may have physiological functions in regulating the motility of the gut. The gastrin/CCK-like peptide present in nerves of the stomach and rectum may affect the function of these parts of the gut. The regulatory peptides present in endocrine cells may, perhaps with the exception of the somatostatin-like peptide, affect the motility humorally.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Morbidity risk for psychiatric disorders in families of probands with affective disorders divided according to levels of platelet MAO activity.

In a series comprising 166 subjects with affective disorders, the lowest and highest quartiles in the male and female platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) distribution, respectively, were included. The morbidity risk in the first-degree relatives (parents and siblings) of these low and high platelet MAO subjects was determined. First-degree relatives of low platelet MAO probands were found to have an increased morbidity risk for neurotic-reactive depressions and for alcoholism. The results seem to be in line with the biological high-risk paradigm, indicating that platelet MAO could be a biological marker for increased vulnerability. First-degree relatives of high platelet MAO probands were found to have an increased morbidity risk for bipolar affective disorders.

Adjustment Disorders↗