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Biomedical subjects

S Hirsch

Publications and source records attributed to S Hirsch.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Polymorphic expression of a neutrophil differentiation antigen revealed by monoclonal antibody 7/4.

The rat monoclonal antibody (ab) 7/4 produced against neutrophil-rich cultured bone-marrow populations defines a polymorphic neutrophil differentiation antigen (ag). Ag 7/4 expression was characterized on cells from C57BL/6 and Swiss PO outbred mice using fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis and radioimmune binding assays. All neutrophils in bone marrow, blood, and inflammatory exudates were labeled by ab 7/4 and appeared to express similar amounts of ag 7/4 quantitated by saturation radioimmune binding assays. However, discrete populations of dimly (8-12% of nucleated cells) and brightly (30-40%) 7/4 labeled cells could be resolved by FACS analysis of bone marrow only. No binding was detected to resident or inflammatory macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells and mature erythroid cells in hemopoietic or lymphoid tissues. Nine inbred mouse strains tested expressed high levels of ag 7/4, while six other strains expressed insignificant levels. The expression of ag 7/4 on bone-marrow cells from F1, F2, and backcross generation mice was consistent with control by a single, autosomal dominant gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The use and limitation of monoclonal antibodies against mononuclear phagocytes.

Monoclonal antibodies have been used to study receptors on the plasma membrane of macrophages, as well as the processes of membrane synthesis, internalization, recycling and macrophage differentiation and activation. Various immunisation and screening procedures have been employed. Most reagents produced so far are not restricted to macrophages in their binding specificity. Monoclonal antibodies have been of great use in characterising murine Fc receptors and in studying the composition of the membrane of pinocytic vesicles. Antibody F4/80 has been used to examine the behaviour of the 160K membrane protein it defines during macrophage differentiation and activation. This antigen is absent on macrophage precursors, is expressed in relatively large amounts on mature macrophages, but expression is diminished on activated populations. No macrophage subset heterogeneity has been defined by ag F4/80 or 2 other monoclonal antibody-defined macrophage antigens, as all bone marrow-derived macrophage clones express these antigens. Anti-macrophage antibodies have already proved useful as diagnostic markers and in cell separation. Reagents such as these will help to sort out relationships between macrophages and other presumptive mononuclear phagocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Viruses recovered from mosquitoes and wildlife serum collected in the Murray Valley of South-eastern Australia, February 1974, during an epidemic of encephalitis.

Pools of mosquitoes collected in the Murray Valley in February, 1974, during an encephalitis epidemic yielded 239 isolates of 11 distinct viruses. These included 39 isolates of MVE virus, an incriminated causative agent of encephalitis in man, and 111 isolates of Kunjin virus, a probable causative agent. An additional isolate of MVE virus was recovered from the serum of a white-faced heron, Ardea novaehollandiae. The other 9 viruses comprised the Alpha-viruses Ross River and Sindbis, the Flavivirus, Edge Hill, the Bunyaviruses, Koongol and Wongal, the undefined Kowanyama virus, and 3 previously undescribed viruses. One isolate of MVE virus was recovered from a total of 180 Culex australicus, and all other isolates of all viruses were from Culex annulirostris. The combined apparent infection rate of MVE and Kunjin viruses in Cx annulirostris was 1/913. The concurrent activity of so many seemingly transient arboviruses, their wide geographical distribution and temporal considerations all weaken the widely held hypothesis that during the pre-epidemic period MVE virus is introduced into the Murray Valley by viraemic waterbirds from distant areas of tropical enzooticity.

Alphavirus↗
PubMed1981

Expression of the macrophage-specific antigen F4/80 during differentiation of mouse bone marrow cells in culture.

We have defined the expression of the macrophages (m phi)-specific antigen (Ag) F4/80 during differentiation in culture. The progenitor cells-the colony-forming unit in culture and cluster-forming cell-lacked Ag F4/80 but gave rise to colonies of F4/80-positive adherent m phi, as shown by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and clonal assays with L cell-conditioned medium as the source of growth factor. Ag F4/80 first appeared on a nonadherent precursor found in mass liquid BM cultures after 3 d. Once adherent, m phi expressed high levels of Ag F4/80 and other markers. The role of L cell-conditioned medium and of adherence on expression of Ag F4/80 was also examined. Clonal analysis of F4/80 and other Ag, Mac-1, and 2.4G2 (FcR) showed that all cells in all independent colonies come to express these markers. These studies establish that F4/80 is a marker for the more mature stages of m phi development and that Ag expression increases progressively during maturation in vitro. Heterogeneity of Ag expression can be ascribed to variation in development and not to independent subsets of the m phi.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effect of propranolol and phenothiazines on electrodermal orienting and habituation in schizophrenia.

Bilateral electrodermal orienting responses were measured to repeated auditory stimuli in schizophrenic patients and controls. In 3 studies phasic activity to moderate intensity sounds of patients on no drugs or phenothiazines was predominantly hyper- or hypo-responsive. Controls showed moderate or slow habituation. Propranolol was found to facilitate habituation in slow habituators and to reinstate responses in half of non-responders, especially when given as the sole drug. The effects seldom had a counterpart in changes in non-specific responses or levels of skin conductance. Modulatory influences on stimulus and response processing and on lateral asymmetries in responses may underlie propranolol's efficacy in treating schizophrenia.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1981

The effects of brief hospitalization upon the psychiatric patient's household.

This paper describes the social results of a randomized controlled trial of brief versus standard hospitalization for acute psychiatric inpatients. All the data reported were obtained through the use of a new semi-structured standardized interview schedule, The Patient Behaviour Assessment Schedule (PBAS). Overall, there were no significant differences between groups in the extent of Objective Burden and Subjective Distress experienced by the informant's household. The groups were differentiated, however, on a number of individual items. At the 2-week evaluation Brief Care informants expressed more distress than Standard Care informants arising out of the patient's slowness, but were less distressed by the effect of the patient's behaviour on their work performance. At the follow-up interview Standard Care informants were more affected in their social life and pursuit of leisure activities, while expressing less distress as a result of the patient's overdependence. The sensitivity of the PBAS Distress Scales is demonstrated by comparing the informant's differential emotional response to role and nonrole aspects of the patient's behaviour at different points in time.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1981

A critique of volunteer-staffed suicide prevention centres.

This study compares the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center program with that of the Samaritan Centre in the London area. The author interviewed senior personnel and reviewed the training program for volunteers in both centres. He also monitored calls but was prohibited from listening in on the callers' conversation in the Samaritan program due to their strict policy of confidentiality and anonymity. The purpose of the study was to learn the nature of the calls with special emphasis on suicide risk and degree of crisis; to assess the functioning of the volunteers in detail and compare it with professionals; to assess the usefulness of the programs in lowering the suicide rate and in other functions, particularly dealing with crises and case finding. It was found that the involvement with callers is very similar in both centres; that only a small percentage of callers had a significant suicidal drive; that many of the callers were in crisis and a useful service was provided for them; that the volunteers coped extremely well with disturbed callers even though their responses were often different from professionals. There is no evidence that these and similar, primarily telephone, services lower the suicide rate; they seem to be more effective as crisis centres than as suicide prevention centres.

California↗
PubMed1981

Water immersion in nephrotic syndrome.

Five adults suffering from nephrotic syndrome were immersed up to the neck in 1.3 m of warm water for four hours. There was a mean weight loss of 2 kg; 1 kg was lost through sweat and 1 kg was lost through urine. Thirty-five millimoles of sodium was excreted in the urine in four hours, 15 times more than on control days. The urine became hypotonic to plasma in the first two hours of immersion. Aldosterone levels did not change on immersion in three patients, but fell from elevated levels in two others. It is concluded that water immersion up to the neck in nephrotic patients warrants further investigation as a therapeutic agent in those cases that are not responding to conventional diuretic therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Infectious drug resistance during an outbreak of samonellosis.

The sudden acquisition of aminoglycoside resistance among Salmonella group C1 isolates causing summer diarrhoea raised the possibility oif plasmid-mediated reistance. The demonstration of circular DNA species in the resistant, but not in the sensitive salmonellae and the transfer by conjugation of antibiotic resistance to a sensitive strain of Escherichic coli, was consistent with plasmid-mediated resistance.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗