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Biomedical subjects

S Hartlage

Publications and source records attributed to S Hartlage.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

A design for studying the DSM-IV research criteria of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

The DSM-IV estimate that 3-5% of women have premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is based on studies that: used non-representative samples, did not consider all research criteria, or were retrospective. In the present study, prospective data from a multiethnic sample of women were analyzed to develop an effective method of considering all DSM-IV research criteria for PMDD. One-hundred and seventeen subjects between the ages of 13 and 55 years who were neither pregnant nor menopausal were recruited from outpatient clinics at a teaching hospital for a study of changes in women's health through time. Daily urine samples were taken for two menstrual cycles, analyzed to establish phase of cycle, and correlated with daily symptom ratings. Subjects were assessed for psychiatric disorders. Four methods of symptom analysis were used. Prevalence rates ranging from 1.0% to 7.1% were determined that differed according to the method of measuring the symptom change. The group of women with PMDD did not differ from the sample as a whole on variables including age, parity and birth control pill use. When all criteria were considered as they appear in DSM-IV, prevalence estimates of the present study did not differ markedly from those in DSM-IV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Automatic and effortful processing in depression.

Automatic processes require few attentional resources, but effortful processes use attentional capacity. Research on cognitive processing by depressed individuals is reviewed and the following is concluded: (a) Depression interferes with effortful processing. The degree of interference is determined by the degree of effortfulness of the task, the severity of depression, and the valence of the stimulus material to be processed. (b) Depression interferes only minimally with automatic processes. Hypothetical causal mechanisms for interference in effortful processes by depression, whether interference in effortful processing is unique to depression or characteristic of psychopathology in general, and whether negative automatic thoughts are associated with current depression or depression proneness are also addressed. The effortful-automatic perspective has implications for understanding depressive clinical features, treating depression, and conducting future research.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

Processing of ambiguous and unambiguous feedback by depressed and nondepressed college students: schematic biases and their implications for depressive realism.

Explored schematic processing as a mechanism for predicting (a) when depressed Ss would be negative relative to nondepressed Ss and (b) when depressed and nondepressed Ss would show biased or unbiased (i.e., "realistic") processing. Depressed and nondepressed Ss performed multiple trials of a task under conditions in which the two groups held either equivalent or different schemas regarding this task. Ss received either an unambiguous or objectively normed ambiguous feedback cue on each trial. In full support of schematic processing, depressed Ss showed negative encoding relative to nondepressed Ss only when their schemas were more negative, and both depressed and nondepressed Ss showed positively biased, negatively biased, and unbiased encoding depending on the relative feedback cue-to-schema match. Depressed and nondepressed Ss' response latencies to unambiguous feedback also supported the occurrence of schematic processing. We discuss the methodological, treatment, and "realism" implications of these findings and suggest a more precise formulation of Beck's schema theory of depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The hopelessness theory of depression: attributional aspects.

In this article, we clarify, expand and revise the basic postulates of the hopelessness theory of depression (Abramson, Alloy & Metalsky, 1988a; Abramson, Metalsky & Alloy, 1987, 1988b; previously referred to as the reformulated helplessness theory of depression: Abramson, Seligman & Teasdale, 1978) and place the theory more explicitly in the context of work in descriptive psychiatry about the heterogeneity among the depressive disorders. We suggest that the hopelessness theory hypothesizes the existence in nature of an, as yet, unidentified subtype of depression--'hopelessness depression'--defined, in part, by its cause. We then give a critique of work conducted to test the hopelessness theory and explicate the limitations in research strategy associated with this line of work. Our critique includes a logical analysis that deduces the conceptual and methodological inadequacies of the research strategies used to test the theory. Finally, we suggest more adequate research strategies for testing the hopelessness theory and discuss conceptual and assessment issues that will arise in conducting such tests with special emphasis on attributional styles.

Depressive Disorder↗