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Biomedical subjects

S Harlap

Publications and source records attributed to S Harlap.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Cryptosporidium, malnutrition, and chronic diarrhea in children.

Cryptosporidium was found in the stools of 13.5% of 221 children hospitalized with diarrhea. It was the single most prevalent pathogen isolated. Children with Cryptosporidium-positive stools were significantly more malnourished than children in whom Cryptosporidium was not detected. Children with more severe malnutrition (ie, less than 50% of their expected weight) and with Cryptosporidium in their stools had a significantly longer duration of diarrhea than similarly malnourished children without Cryptosporidium (63 vs 32 days, respectively). In 77 better-nourished outpatients with diarrhea, Cryptosporidium was found in only 5.2% of cases and was associated with less-severe illness. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in less-developed areas, Cryptosporidium is a major pathogen, not only in acute but also in chronic childhood diarrhea, and may play an important role in the interaction between diarrhea and malnutrition.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1988

Long-term effects of MPA on human progeny: intellectual development.

Tests of verbal and spatial ability were done on 450 boys and 537 girls in their late teens of whom 73 and 97, respectively, had been exposed in utero to MPA. Exposed boys achieved higher raw scores than controls on verbal and spatial tests but the differences were explained by their more favorable demographic and social characteristics. Exposed girls did not differ from controls. Although, mothers of exposed boys reported that their offspring talked and walked later than controls, our results support the hypothesis that intrauterine exposure to MPA at contraceptive doses has no long-term effect on intellectual development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Birth out of wedlock and the risk of intrauterine growth retardation.

Birth out of wedlock has been associated with maternal and neonatal problems, especially low birthweight, attributed mainly to the young maternal age of the unmarried mothers. We surveyed a cohort of 300 first-born infants delivered in Israel to unwed mothers, matched for parity, maternal age, and ethnic origin. No maternal complications were found among the unwed mothers. However, the incidence of intrauterine growth retardation among infants of the out of wedlock mothers was 53 of 293, compared with 20 of 297 among the control population (p less than 0.001). This difference in the incidence of intrauterine growth retardation may not be associated with young maternal age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Child-bearing after induced abortion: reassessment of risk.

We reviewed 1791 singleton pregnancies of women with a history of previous induced abortion and compared them with 14,857 pregnancies in mothers with no previous induced abortions. Therapeutic termination of pregnancy was associated with a statistically significant increase in the incidence of low birth weight infants and bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy. When other variables were examined, no significant differences were found between the two groups, except for a significantly higher rate of stillbirths among women who had not had a prior induced abortion. There were no increases in major or minor congenital malformations.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1988

Perinatal outcome, maternal weight gain, cigarette smoking and social status in Jerusalem.

Past studies have reported consistent depression of birthweight among offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, but depression of maternal weight gain and increase in perinatal mortality have been inconsistent; these have been generally associated with smoking among women of low social status. Among 8,263 pregnancies in West Jerusalem from 1974 to 1976 to women who were not religiously observant, birthweight was low among infants of smokers, but maternal weight gain was not depressed nor was perinatal mortality increased. Thus, the experience of these women in Jerusalem was similar to that of continental European, and affluent British and North American women. There appears to be no inevitable link between maternal smoking and depressed weight gain, nor with markedly increased perinatal mortality (however, since numbers of deaths were small, this observation requires replication). These results are consistent with the possibility that sustained weight gain among smokers may have contributed to the suppression of an effect of maternal smoking on increased perinatal mortality.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1988

Birth order and birth weight reexamined.

We studied the longitudinal association of birth order and birth weight in two series of very large sibships, each consisting of at least seven children, and compared the findings with those based on analysis of cross-sectional data from a large population-based survey, the Jerusalem Perinatal Study. The birth weights of the cross-sectional sample were adjusted by multiple linear regression for a number of factors known to confound cross-sectional studies, including maternal age, education, marital status, religion, smoking, height and prepregnant weight, gestational age, and sex of the newborn. Birth weight increased with increasing birth order in both adjusted cross-sectional and socioeconomically homogeneous longitudinal data.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

Does grand multiparity affect fetal outcome?

Low birthweight and stillbirth rates of 16,647 Jerusalem deliveries were examined by birth-order comparing longitudinal to cross-sectional data. Six hundred fifty-seven complete sibships of 7 or more were assessed, including 95 sibships from the socio-economically homogeneous ultraorthodox Jewish community of Mea Shearim. In both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies grandmultiparas were not at increased risk for low birthweight, but did have a higher frequency of stillbirths.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1985

Chromosomal abnormalities in the Kaiser-Permanente Birth Defects Study, with special reference to contraceptive use around the time of conception.

Chromosomal abnormalities were studied in 33,551 abortions and births to women whose contraceptive histories had been recorded at their first antenatal visit in 1975-1977. Chromosome examinations were performed exclusively on clinical grounds. There were 45 de novo abnormalities detected (1.34/1,000); three of them were detected at amniocentesis. Trisomy 21 was observed in 27 cases (0.80/1,000), trisomy 18 in nine (0.27), other trisomies in three (0.09), and translocations or deletions in five (0.15). One case of triploidy and six cases of inherited abnormalities were detected. There were no significant racial variations. No increase in risk for chromosomal abnormalities was found among women who had used oral contraceptives prior to becoming pregnant or among women who experienced oral contraceptive breakthrough pregnancies. Two cases of trisomy 18 were observed among the 814 deliveries following oral contraceptive breakthrough conceptions (2.46/1,000), two cases of trisomy 21 occurred in 338 births following failures of rhythm contraception (5.92/1,000), and no cases of trisomy 21 or 18 among the 1,569 women using spermicides at the time of conception.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1985

Risk factors for coronary artery disease in 124 Jerusalem medical students.

As part of an epidemiologic teaching exercise, we studied coronary risk factors in two consecutive classes of Jerusalem medical students (n = 124) and calculated a summary coronary risk score for each student. Men were at higher risk than women because of greater body mass, higher blood pressure and more cigarette smoking. Married males were at lower risk than single males because they had lower cholesterol levels and smoked less. Married and single females were at equal risk. Jerusalem students smoked more than most groups of American medical students and less than their European counterparts. There is reason to believe that an exercise of this kind may result in risk-reducing behavior on the part of high-risk students.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Congenital abnormalities in the offspring of women who used oral and other contraceptives around the time of conception.

Congenital malformations were observed in 33,545 newborns whose mothers were questioned during pregnancy about contraceptives used around the time of conception. There were 597 babies (17.8/1,000) with major malformations and 4,046 (120.6/1,000) with minor ones. The 8,522 offspring of mothers who had used oral contraceptives (OC) prior to conception showed 17.2/1,000 major malformations compared with rates of 15.0 and 20.1/1,000 in the groups who had used other methods or no birth control prior to conception. There was no evidence for an increased risk of malformations in women conceiving within 1 month of stopping OC. There were 850 babies exposed to OC in utero and the ratio of observed to expected cases of major malformations was 1.24 (n.s.) if the mother was a nonsmoker and 2.98 (P = 0.028) if the mother smoked one pack or more of cigarettes daily. There were no significant changes in malformation rates following failures of intrauterine devices, spermicides or rhythm contraception.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1985

Overripe ova and twinning.

Multiple births were studied in a sample of orthodox Jewesses for whom an estimate could be made of the day of ovulation and the earliest possible day of conception. The overall rate of twinning was 14.5/1,000 deliveries, and of triplets, 0.40/1,000. Twinning rates varied significantly from 11.4 in the 5,976 "early" conceptions (day -1 or earlier relative to the estimated day of ovulation) to 26.9 in the 1,498 "late" conceptions (day 0 or later). Triplets varied significantly from 0 to 2.01 in early and late conceptions, respectively, and unlike-sexed multiple sets, 2.8 and 12.8, respectively. The excess of multiple births in late conceptions was seen within different ages and origin groups, in women with different menstrual characteristics, and in those with and without treatment for anovulation. While the excess of unlike-sexed sets seems to lead to the conclusion that late conceptions are associated with dizygosity, polar body twinning and uniovular dispermatic twinning should also be considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Long-term follow-up of children whose mothers used oral contraceptives prior to conception.

Anthropometric, psychometric and hematologic measurements were made at intervals in the first 3 years of life in a cohort of 732 infants, including 177 (24.2%) whose mothers used oral contraceptives (OC) prior to conception. Analysis of the data focused on weight and height measurements at 3, 9, 12, 24 and 36 months of age; hemoglobin and hematocrit at 9 months; development quotient (DQ) at 2 years and its components, posture, coordination, language and social; and intelligence quotient (IQ) at 3 years and its verbal and nonverbal components. Analyses were made for both sexes combined and males and females separately, by examining crude means, and means adjusted through linear multiple regression for birthweight, age of child at the time of examination, height of mother, mother's weight-for-height centile, birth-order, maternal and paternal education, and maternal smoking. No significant differences were found between the children whose mothers did or did not use oral contraceptives.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Conception-waits in fertile women after stopping oral contraceptives.

Conception-waits were studied retrospectively in 1,403 fertile oral contraceptive users who had stopped medication in order to conceive, and in 4,477 controls who stopped using other contraceptives. The proportion of pill users who conceived in the first month was 30% less than the others, but by the third month this difference had disappeared. There was no excess of long conception-waits in the oral contraceptive group nor any evidence for a cyclic return of fertility in them. There was a highly significant interaction between pill use and age, older women having a greater degree of temporary reduction in conceptions shortly after stopping the pill. There was also an interaction involving age and duration of use. In women who had used the pill for a short time, there was little age-effect, and in younger women there was little effect of the duration of use. Older women who had used the pill for several years, however, had a marked temporary reduction in fertility on stopping it.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Early gestational bleeding and pregnancy outcome: a multivariable analysis.

The effect of early vaginal bleeding on pregnancy outcome was assessed for 16 305 singleton stillborn and liveborn deliveries at three obstetric units in Jerusalem, Israel during 1975-1976. A total of 2385 women (14.6%) reported gestational bleeding before the seventh month of pregnancy. Of these, 2166 reported light bleeding (spotting), 191 heavy bleeding, and 28 both light and heavy bleeding. Logistic regression models revealed an unexpected interaction among light bleeding, hormone usage, and pregnancy outcome in that the risks of a low birth weight, pre-term and small-for-dates term delivery were significantly increased only for those women who had light bleeding and who had not used therapeutic hormones. Heavy vaginal bleeding, in contrast, was associated with an excess risk of these perinatal complications regardless of hormone usage. There was also a suggestion that certain subgroups of women with vaginal bleeding might be at an increased risk of delivering an offspring with congenital malformations.

Female↗
PubMed1983

High birthweight in an ethnic group of low socioeconomic status.

Analysis of 14 219 births in West Jerusalem showed that infants of North African origin had a higher birthweight than infants of other ethnic groups. The group of mothers of North African origin included a relatively high proportion from the lowest social classes. The observed excess birthweight was apparent after allowing for the effects of gestation, maternal body size, baby's sex, parity and smoking. Maternal age and season of birth also had a significant effect on birthweight. Birthweight was higher if the mother had immigrated to Israel after the age of 10 years than if she had immigrated at a younger age, or had been born in Israel.

Africa, Northern↗