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Biomedical subjects

S H Wray

Publications and source records attributed to S H Wray.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Quantitative histopathologic assessment of developing phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth in the cat.

Phenytoin (Dilantin) induces gingival overgrowth characterized by an accumulation of connective tissue The cell-to-matrix ratio in the mature lesion is normal, yet there must be more fibroblasts per oral cavity if there is excessive tissue mass. Using a mongrel cat model system, we studied the early, developing phenytoin-induced lesion by quantitating fibroblasts per unit of tissue in papilla biopsies collected over a 3-month period of daily drug administration. At 6 and 8 weeks, the number of fibroblasts per unit of tissue increased dramatically. By 3 months, as the lesions matured, the fibroblast-to-matrix ratio returned to normal. We suggest that the drug interacts with resident gingival fibroblasts, causes them to proliferate and thus induces a true, but transient, hypercellularity. Cell division then appears to slow or cease, and rapid production of connective tissue matrix ensues, returning the cell-to-matrix ratio to normal.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Optic atrophy and visual loss in craniometaphyseal dysplasia.

Four members of one family had craniometaphyseal dysplasia. Two of the four had severe optic atrophy with profound loss of vision as a complication of this disorder. Optic nerve decompression attempted in one patient may have caused a reduction in the vision of that eye. Eight years later this patient underwent craniofacial surgery uneventfully for contouring of her facial and cranial bones, but osteotomies and intracranial surgery were specifically avoided because of bony over-growth in the foramen magnum region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Vertical gaze ophthalmoplegia: selective paralysis of downgaze.

A 58-year-old man developed a selective supranuclear paralysis of downgaze, which was repeatedly documented until it completely resolved after 6 weeks. At autopsy, there was a bilaterally symmetric old infarct in the mesodiencephalic region. In common with four previous similar reports, the lesion involved structures bordering the dorsomedial aspect of the red nucleus. This same region has been implicated in the control of vertical eye movements in recent neuroanatomic and physiologic experiments in nonhuman primates.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Optic canal fractures after rhinologic surgery.

In two women, 26 and 24 years old, respectively, polytomography revealed optic canal fractures. The investigation of visual loss after orbital or otolaryngologic surgery included tomography of the optic canals to rule out compression of the intracanalicular optic nerve.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Acquired color vision defects in retrobulbar neuritis.

We used the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test to study the incidence of acquired color vision defects in 16 patients with unilateral and and seven patients with bilateral retrobulbar optic neuritis whose visual acuity had recovered to 6/12 (20/40) or better. We recorded the visual-evoked response to a pattern stimulus on the same day. All 30 affected eyes showed an excessive number of errors on Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue testing. The number of errors increased with greater residual optic nerve damage. One false-positive and two false-negative visual-evoked responses were found.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Bilateral dural arteriovenous malformations simulating dysthyroid ophthalmopathy.

The clinical recognition of dural arteriovenous malformations (AVM) is a challenge to the ophthalmologist. Unilateral dural AVMs produce monocular signs which may simulate orbit disease. A patient with bilateral dural AVMs presenting with bilateral congestive exophthalmos resembling dysthyroid ophthalmopathy is reported. Spontaneous resolution of the ocular manifestations occurred.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

In vivo test for myelinotoxicity of cerebrospinal fluid.

A quantitative double blind procedure is described to test the myelinotoxicity of cerebrospinal fluid (SSF) by using optic nerves of Xenopus tadpoles as an in vivo model of a myelinated CNS tract. Only 0.5 ml of unconcentrated CSF is needed for a test and the result is known in 5 days. Groups of 8-10 Xenopus tadpoles received a subcutaneous injection of 12-13 muL of a coded CSF sample or of a saline control solution around the right optic nerve. After 48 h, whole mounts of the right optic nerves were prepared and the slides were randomized before using a differential-interference contrast microscope to count the myelin lesions. The myelinotoxicity of a CSF sample was considered positive (+) when it produced significantly higher (P less than 0.01) counts than the saline control. When P was less than 0.05, the counts were recorded as borderline (+/-) and it was negative (-) when P was greater than 0.05.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid produces myelin lesions in tadpole optic nerves.

To investigate the myelinotoxicity of cerebropsinal fluid in multiple sclerosis, we used an in vivo model of the myelinated central-nervous-system tract of tadpoles for quantitative double-blind tests of 46 cerebrospinal-fluid samples. Groups of xenopus tadpoles were injected with cerebrospinal fluid near the optic nerve. Forty-eight hours later, whole mounts of optic nerves were prepared, and a differential interference microscope was used to count myelin lesions. Cerebrospinal-fluid samples from 60 per cent of the patients with an acute attack of definite multiple sclerosis had myelinotoxic activity. This activity correlated best with the severity and duration of the disease, rather than with gamma-globulin or total protein concentrations. Activity was negative in 85 per cent of cerebrospinal-fluid samples from a control group with other neurologic diseases. This assay is a useful method for investigating myelinotoxic factors of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis, but was not helpful diagnostically.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Passive transfer by the intraocular injection of sensitized cells.

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is a disease of cell-mediated immunity and can be transferred passively to virgin recipients by lymphoid cells from sensitized donors. The rabbit eye contains myelinated medullary rays that can be visualized ophthalmoscopically. Intraocular injection of autologous lymph node cells from myelin basic protein (BP)-immunized rabbits into the vitreous leads to readily visualized optic neuritis while injection of cells from adjuvant immunized control rabbits does not. Microscopical study confirmed the presence of myelin destruction in recipients of cells from BP-sensitized donors. This eye chamber technique provides a simple model for the study of demyelination in vivo under direct observation.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Adrenoleukodystrophy with disease of the eye and optic nerve.

Adrenoleukodystrophy is an X-chromosome-linked recessive disease characterized by primary atrophy of the adrenal glands with or without Addison's disease and low plasma cortisol levels, and a degeneration of white matter of the central nervous system with blindness. In suspected cases of adrenoleukodystrophy an impaired rise in plasma cortisol levels after adrenocorticotrophin stimulation may be diagnostic. With the electron microscope, pathognomonic intracytoplasmic lamellar inclusions have been seen in adrenal cortical cells, peripheral nerve Schwann's cells, testicular interstitial cells, and in macrophages of the brain. Adrenoleukodystrophy appears to be a genetically determined lipid storage disease with an error in membrane sterol metabolism. A 10-year-old boy with adrenoleukodystrophy had visual loss, a prominent early symptom. The ocular abnormality consisted of a disproportionate loss of nerve fibers from the macular region. No intracytoplasmic lamellar inclusions were identified in cells representing macrophages within the optic nerve. They contained myelin debris suggestive of end-stage disease.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMed1976

Misdiagnosis of spasm of the near reflex.

A bilateral sixth nerve palsy portends serious disease of the central nervous system and precipitates extensive patient studies. Spasm of the near reflex, characterized by intermittent convergence, accommodation, and miosis, is a functional disturbance. Five patients with hysterical spasm of the near reflex erroneously diagnosed as a bilateral sixth nerve palsy are reported. The pupillary sign, intense miosis on attempted lateral gaze, is emphasized as an important clue to the correct diagnosis. Despite extensive investigation, no disease of the central nervous system was found. Neurotic or hysterical features were evident in every patient.

Abducens Nerve↗
PubMed1976

Menkes' kinky hair disease: a light and electron microscopic study of the eye.

Light and electron microscopic studies of the ocular tissue of a case of Menkes' kinky hair disease are described. The copper deficiency responsible for this systemic and neurologic disease appears to cause a progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, loss of nerve fibers, and optic atrophy. The pigment epithelium is also abnormal with only small and irregular melanin granules present among electron-dense inclusion bodies. Abnormal elastica is present in Bruch's membrane.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1975

Vascular occlusions in the eye from cardiac myxomas.

Vascular occlusion in the eyes from cardiac myxomas was diagnosed in two cases, belatedly in one and not until after death in the other. Suspicion of a myxomatous origin should be aroused by the combination of unexplained retinal (or choroidal) vascular disease occurring with multifocal neurological symptoms and with systemic symptoms suggesting atypical subacute bacterial endocarditis. The first patient had unilateral retinal artery occlusion by embolic material believed to have been myxomatous. Removal of the cardiac myxoma resulted in disappearance of this material (although the eye remained blind). The second patient who had had evidence of retinal artery occlusion in the clinical course of her multisystemic disease was found at autopsy to have extensive myxomatous involvement of the posterior ciliary arteries and of the choroidal arteries of both eyes and of the retinal artery in one eye.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Central retinal artery occlusion.

Data regarding the etiology and subsequent course of 54 patients with an occlusion of the central retinal artery included the following: of 44 patients over 40 years of age at the time of the central retinal artery occlusion, eight (18%) had cerebrovascular accidents, but only two patients (5%) had a stroke clearly related to the vessels involving the affected central retinal artery. Five patients (11%) had occlusive disease of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery; two of these had cerebral involvement later or simultaneously. Ten of the older patients had cardiac valvular disease and presumed embolic occlusion of the central retinal artery. Associated medical disorders were common. Of the ten patients under 40 years of age, six occlusions were secondary to atrial myxoma, mitral insufficiency with Marfan's syndrome, polycythemia, hypercoagluopathy, hypertension, and orbital compression. Four had no apparent etiology at onset and were in good health many years later.

Adolescent↗