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Biomedical subjects

S H Goodman

Publications and source records attributed to S H Goodman.

32 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Mental health service use in the community and schools: results from the four-community MECA Study. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of mental health and substance abuse services by children and adolescents as reported from the four community sites included in the NIMH Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA) Study. METHOD: As part of the MECA survey, questions were developed to identify children and adolescents utilizing mental health and substance abuse services. Youths aged 9 through 17 years and a parent/ caretaker were interviewed. Because the investigators had concerns about the capacities of the younger children in the study to describe their use of mental health services, more extensive questions were asked of parents than of youths. RESULTS: The procedures developed by the MECA project identified patterns of service use that varied in the four communities surveyed. Agreement between reports of parents and youths regarding the use of mental health and substance abuse services showed substantial inconsistencies, similar to reports of psychiatric disorders. At three of the four sites, the majority of children meeting criteria for a psychiatric disorder and scoring 60 or less on the Children's Global Assessment Scale reported some mental health-related service in the previous year, although at two of the sites fewer than 25% of these youths were seen in the mental health specialty sector. CONCLUSION: Community surveys show great promise for monitoring the need for mental health and substance abuse services and for identifying patterns of use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Social problem solving: a moderator of the relation between negative life stress and depression symptoms in children.

The social problem-solving skill of generating effective alternative solutions was tested as a moderator of the relation between negative life stress and depressed mood in children. Boys (n = 25) and girls (n = 25), ages 8 to 12 years, from inner-city, lower socioeconomic group families, completed measures of depression symptoms, negative impact of life events, and quantity and effectiveness of alternative solutions to social problems. Results indicated that the effectiveness of alternative solutions children generate in response to peer social problems moderates the relation between stress and depression. Children who experienced a high impact of negative life events, with less effective social problem-solving skills, reported higher levels of depression compared to children who experienced a high impact of negative life events but exhibited more effective social problem-solving skills. Results are discussed in terms of alternative theoretical models for the mechanisms whereby effective social problem-solving skills moderate stress-related depression.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Locus of control and self-esteem in depressed, low-income African-American women.

Depressed, schizophrenic, and well low-income, African-American women were studied in an effort to extend previous hypotheses of the association between depression and the two personality constructs of low self-esteem and externality to this population. Subjects were 113 low income African-American women including 26 who had been diagnosed as depressed, 54 diagnosed as schizophrenic, and 33 well women. Locus of control was measured with the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Control Scale (Nowicki & Duke, 1974). Self-esteem was measured with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). Contrary to predictions, a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but not depression, was associated with more external locus of control. For self-esteem, severity of disturbance, rather than diagnosis, seemed to be of primary importance. Also, lower self-esteem scores were correlated significantly with higher levels of externality for both depressed and schizophrenic women but not for well controls. The present study indicates that self-esteem and locus of control are related to depression differently in low socio-economic status (SES) African-American women than in previously studied middle SES depressed whites. The findings emphasize the need for more normative studies to clarify the complex relations among SES, race, emotional disturbance, self-esteem, and locus of control.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Assessing levels of adaptive functioning: the Role Functioning Scale.

This paper reports data on reliability and validity of the Role Functioning Scale (RFS) a measure of level of functioning of adults in four domains. Psychometric properties were tested on an inner city sample of 112 psychiatrically disturbed and well, predominantly African-American, low-income mothers of young children. The RFS has good interitem, test-retest, and interrater reliability. The four scales and global RFS Index discriminated accurately between well and disturbed subjects. The Global RFS Index was significantly correlated with self-esteem and degree of disturbance. Individual scales demonstrated predicted relationships with quality of child-rearing and other independent behavioral indices. Results are discussed in terms of the unique information provided by the RFS and its potential contribution to treatment planning.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Social and emotional competence in children of depressed mothers.

The relation between maternal unipolar major depression and children's self-concept, self-control, and peer relationships were studied in a middle-class, predominantly white sample of 96 families. Each family included a target child between the ages of 5 and 10. Depressed mothers varied on whether or not the child's father also had a psychiatric disorder. Well mothers all had spouses with no psychiatric disorders. Analyses controlled for marital status, age, and sex of child. Children completed measures of self-concept and peer relations skills; teachers completed measures of self-control and a rating of popularity with peers. Results supported the multiple risk factor model in that fathers' psychiatric status and parents' marital status explained much of the variability in children's social and emotional competence. Maternal depression alone, in the context of a well husband/father, was only related to children having been rated by their teachers as less popular. Results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms by which maternal depression may interact with paternal psychopathology and divorce in relation to children's social and emotional competence. The findings may further indicate that older children are more vulnerable to these multiple risk factors than younger children.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Perinatal complications in births to low socioeconomic status schizophrenic and depressed women.

Pregnancy and birth complications in births to 57 schizophrenic, 28 depressed, and 31 well women were studied. The sample was of low socioeconomic status and predominantly African-American. The study extended earlier work on the perinatal status of infants born to schizophrenic women by including measures of severity of maternal disturbance, mother's age, IQ, and premorbid social competence, and family composition. The results show that maternal competence and the mother's diagnosis of schizophrenia were significant variables in determining the likelihood of less adequate prenatal care and more complicated births. The results indicate the importance of an assessment not only of a disturbed woman's diagnosis but also of her personal background and social competence in determining the likelihood of obstetrical complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Emory University Project on Children of Disturbed Parents.

Young children (from birth to 5 years of age) of schizophrenic, depressed, and well mothers were studied to assess their intellectual, social, and neuropsychiatric functioning. The sample derived from predominantly black, low-income, single-parent families. An extensive battery of laboratory and home-based tests was administered three times, each 1 year apart, to test the stability of findings. Schizophrenic offspring, as a group, had more problems than others. They showed more deficits on social competence, had lower IQ's (the youngest children only), and were overrepresented in the group of children with multiple negative indices. However, both schizophrenic offspring and depressive offspring sometimes performed more poorly than children with well mothers (presence of symptoms of psychiatric disorder and certain categories of social behavior). In certain instances, the children of depressed mothers were worse off than either other group (small for age and showing less social competence at home). Deficits were found in the child-rearing environment provided by the disturbed mothers. Both schizophrenic and depressed mothers were rated as less affectively involved and less responsive than well mothers. Schizophrenic mothers were rated as providing the poorest overall environment: less play stimulation, fewer learning experiences, and less emotional and verbal involvement. The following possible protective factors were identified in the mothers: lesser severity of illness, older age, higher education, higher IQ, work experience, and presence of spouse, boyfriend, or other relative to help in child care.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Children of disturbed parents: the interface between research and intervention.

This paper provides a review of high-risk studies and preventive interventions with children who have an increased likelihood of developing psychopathology because they are the offspring of emotionally disturbed parents. The research implications for preventive interventions are summarized in terms of selection of participants, goals for prevention, intervention methods, and intervention research methodology. Next, several preventive intervention programs are reviewed and evaluated for their responsiveness to the research literature. The review revealed that, despite theoretical and methodological diversity in the research literature, the findings provide many suggestions for the design of preventive interventions. On the other hand, intervention programs were most often found to have not used research findings in program design. This review concludes with suggestions for needed research and guidelines for future preventive interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1966

X-ray diffraction studies on metal deposition in group D streptococci.

Tucker, Fayne L. (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), John W. Thomas, Milo D. Appleman, Stewart H. Goodman, and Jerry Donohue. X-ray diffraction studies on metal deposition in group D streptococci. J. Bacteriol. 92:1311-1314. 1966.-Streptococcus faecalis N83 and S. faecium K6A reduced several compounds of Group VI elements to the elemental form, but reduced none of several compounds tested containing elements of other groups. The elemental tellurium deposited by S. faecium K6A was in general of a larger particle size than that deposited by S. faecalis N83 as judged from X-ray diffraction analysis. The particle size of the deposited tellurium was correlated with the blackness of the precipitate produced by cells growing in the presence of tellurite. A black and gray variation was observed in S. faecium K6A which was considered to be due to particle size, the amount of tellurium present, and the location of the deposited tellurium. The gray color of S. faecium K6A was not due to the presence of any oxidized tellurium products.

Enterococcus faecalis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mothers' expressed attitudes: associations with maternal depression and children's self-esteem and psychopathology.

OBJECTIVE: Mothers' expressed attitudes about their children were examined to discern whether the associations between maternal depression and children's psychopathology and self-esteem might be modified by the mother's expression of critical attitudes. METHOD: Mother-child dyads with mothers who had a history of at least one episode of unipolar major depression during the child's lifetime (N = 20) were compared to dyads with well parents (N = 19). Children's ages ranged from 8 to 10 years. Mothers' attitudes toward their children were derived from semistructured interviews. The affect expressed in each maternal statement was coded as neutral, positive, descriptive negative, or affectively charged negative. RESULTS: Affectively charged negative statements were found to be associated with mothers with a history of depressive episodes. A tendency was noted for the highest rates of psychopathology to be among children of depressed mothers who used affective-negative statements. Mothers' use of affectively charged negatives was found to modify the association between maternal depression and children's lower global self-worth. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians attuned to mothers' expression of critical attitudes toward their children might detect children at risk for lowered self-esteem and the development of psychopathology.

Adult↗