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Biomedical subjects

S Gupta

Publications and source records attributed to S Gupta.

At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Serodiagnosis of gut tuberculosis.

The efficacy of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the diagnosis of gut tuberculosis was evaluated. The study included 95 patients with gut tuberculosis, 40 with pulmonary tuberculosis, 25 with non-tubercular intestinal diseases and 40 healthy controls. Mantoux response and antibody titre against PPD using ELISA were studied. The ELISA sensitivity in gut tuberculosis was 80% and in pulmonary tuberculosis 90%. It was also positive in 12% of patients with non-tubercular intestinal diseases and 5% of healthy controls. The sensitivity of Mantoux test in gut (77%) and pulmonary (84%) tuberculosis was comparable to that of ELISA. However, Mantoux test lacked diagnostic significance due to high positivity in non-tubercular disease patients (55%) and healthy controls (56%), whereas ELISA was highly specific (93%) for the diagnosis of gut tuberculosis.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1990

Trace elements incorporated into the culture medium of Mycobacterium tuberculosis promote the presence of tuberculoprotein C in the preparation of purified protein derivatives.

Two purified protein derivatives (PPDs) were prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, H37Ra. One of the PPDs was prepared from the culture filtrate of organisms grown on Proskauer-Beck medium to which trace elements had been added. The other PPD was prepared from the culture filtrate of organisms grown on the same medium but without trace elements, and was used as the control. Comparative skin reactions in sensitized rabbits showed that the PPD prepared from organisms grown in the presence of trace elements was less potent than the control. Since it has long been recognized that of the many tuberculoproteins present in PPD, the C protein (a 44 to 66 kDa protein) was always the least potent fraction when tested in equivalent concentrations in both serological and skin test assays, the possibility existed that the PPD obtained from organisms grown in trace element medium had more of the C protein complex than the control. Comparative studies of these two PPDs in terms of their chemical composition, skin test responses, and electrophoretic profiles obtained by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis provide support for this assumption.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The significance of sexual partner contact networks for the transmission dynamics of HIV.

The paper provides a brief review of the significance of heterogeneity in sexual behaviour to the transmission dynamics of HIV and the spread of AIDS. It addresses the formulation of mathematical models to encapsulate variability in the rate of sexual partner change, the structure of networks of sexual partner contact, and age dependency in sexual activity. A particular focus is the significance of high or low preference (or choice) of sexual partners from an individual's own sexual activity class (defined on the basis of partner change rate or other criteria). Numerical studies of model behaviour reveal that a high degree of assortativeness (high level of "like with like" mixing) results in a more rapid initial spread of HIV, a smaller overall epidemic, and the possibility of a multipeak or long and drawn out epidemic, by comparison with those induced by high degrees of disassortativeness (low level of "like with like" mixing) in sexual contact patterns. The structure of a sexual network is shown to be a major determinant of the temporal pattern and magnitude of an epidemic. The demographic impact of HIV in developing countries is also examined in the context of choice matrices based on age as well as sexual activity. The potential demographic impact of AIDS is shown to be enhanced by age dependency in levels of activity (high in the young and lower in older age classes), a male preference for females of younger age, and a higher efficiency of HIV transmission from male to female than vice versa. The paper ends with a discussion of the need for better quantitative data on sexual behaviour.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Respiratory disorders in females of Delhi.

A retrospective study was carried out on 1532 female patients attending chest clinic, over a period of 13 years. The incidence of smoking was found to be 6.6%, maximum incidence (17%) being in those above 60 years of age. High incidence (66%) of exposure to kitchen smoke was observed in women above 40 years of age. Chronic bronchitis was found to be the commonest illness followed by bronchial asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchiectasis. Bronchial asthma and pulmonary tuberculosis were common in younger age groups, while above the age of 40 years 42% patients had chronic bronchitis and 27% had bronchiectasis. Incidence of smoking and exposure to kitchen smoke was also high in this subset. This shows that they may be important contributory factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in females. Evidence of chronic cor pulmonale was found in 130 (8.5%) patients. Maximum incidence (28%) was seen in the age group of above 60 years. Chronic bronchitis with or without emphysema turned out to be the commonest cause of cor pulmonale, followed by bronchiectasis, pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchial asthma.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Age-dependent sexual behaviour amongst male homosexuals and the transmission dynamics of HIV-1.

The paper describes the development of an age-structured model of the transmission dynamics of HIV-1 in a male homosexual population with age-dependent rates of sexual partner acquisition, and explores the properties of the model by means of numerical methods. Age-dependency in rates of sexual partner change acts to increase the initial growth rate of the epidemic and raises the equilibrium level of endemic infection in the population when compared with the prediction of a model without age structure but with identical initial overall population mean rate of partner acquisition. In addition, age-dependency in sexual activity acts to induce demographic changes in the population where the younger more sexually active males represent an increasing proportion of the population as the epidemic develops over time. One consequence of this is an increase in the overall population mean rate of sexual partner change as a direct result of the mortality induced by AIDS in the older less sexually active classes who acquired infection at a younger age. The results are discussed in relation to the interpretation of current patterns of HIV-1 spread and the acquisition of quantitative information on sexual behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacokinetics of valproic acid after administration of three oral formulations in healthy adults.

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of valproic acid was compared in six healthy volunteers after single dose oral administration of 400 mg of the drug in tablet, capsule and syrup form in a crossover manner. Blood samples were collected for 48 hours and valproic acid concentration analysed by enzymatic immunoassay. Following the administration of the three dosage forms, the absorption varied (Ka = Syrup K 2.64 +/- 0.5; tablet 1.57 +/- 0.22; and capsule 0.55 +/- 0.55 h-1). Valproic acid concentration reached a peak level of 102.3 micrograms.ml at 1.9 h after syrup administration, 73 micrograms/ml at 3.3 h after tablet and 44.8 micrograms/ml at 5.4 h after capsule. The bioavailability of tablet and syrup formulation was not significantly different from each other but it differed from capsule form in that the bioavailability was only 52%.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Experience with internal iliac artery ligation in obstetrics and gynaecological practice.

Internal iliac artery ligation was performed in 6 patients (bilateral in 5), as a prophylactic procedure in 4 and as a life saving measure in 2 patients through transperitoneal approach. No morbidity or mortality resulted from this procedure. All the 6 patients in whom internal iliac artery ligation was done to control an otherwise uncontrollable bleeding from their pelvic tissues had ultimately an uneventful recovery. It is advisable to adopt this procedure as a routine in all difficult pelvic operations particularly radical operations for gynaecological malignancy.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Sarcoidosis in India: a review of 125 biopsy-proven cases from eastern India.

One hundred and twenty-five cases of biopsy proven sarcoidosis have been found during a prospective study since 1972 in Calcutta, Eastern India. The presentation, clinical course and radiological features are considerably different from those seen in the West. Elderly males over 40 years are more prone. Low grade fever, cough, dyspnoea, arthralgia are common symptoms while hepatosplenomegaly, hypercalcaemia, hypercalciuria and hyperglobulinaemia are frequent signs. Nearly 60% are MT negative (up to 100 TU). Serum angiotensin converting enzyme and high lymphocyte count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are usual findings in active disease. Chest X-ray usually shows mottled opacities or fibrosis in 60% cases. Clinico-radiological dissociation (i.e. remarkable dissociation between the alarming-looking chest X-ray and scanty physical signs and symptoms in chest) was a very remarkable feature in this series. Treatment with oral steroid or steroid aerosol with oxyphenbutazone and chloroquine give equally good results initially. However, most cases tend to relapse inspite of adequate initial treatment. The pattern of the disease is similar almost all over India with minor regional differences like more erythema nodosum and eye involvement in Chandigarh in the extreme north (which could also have been due to case selection). The pattern from Northern India (Delhi) and Western India is nearly similar to our figures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Nickel-mediated inhibition in the glutathione-dependent protection against lipid peroxidation.

Glutathione protects liver microsomes against the rapid onset of lipid peroxidation via a sulfhydryl dependent heat labile factor known as free radical reductase. The administration of nickel to mice resulted in an inhibition in the activity of free radical reductase, and enhanced lipid peroxidation and the activity of glutathione S-transferase in a dose dependent manner. The pretreatment of cyclam, a known specific chelator of nickel restored free radical reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities and alleviated nickel mediated enhancement of lipid peroxidation. Our results indicate that nickel-mediated inhibition in free radical reductase activity and activation of glutathione S-transferase may be due to the interaction of nickel with sensitive-SH groups located on these proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Anthelmintic profile of methyl 5(6)-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl) carbonylbenzimidazole-2-carbamate in experimental helminthiases.

Biological evaluation of methyl 5(6)-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl) carbonylbenzimidazole-2-carbamate against Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Syphacia obvelata, Hymenolepis nana, H. diminuta and Cysticercus fasciolaris in experimental animals is reported. The compound (mg/kg) causes 100% elimination of A. ceylanicum (25 x 1), N. brasiliensis (100 x 1), S. obvelata (50 x 1), H. nana (250 x 3) and C. fasciolaris (50 x 10). It was also effective against the developing larvae (L3, L4 and L5) of A. ceylanicum at a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg. Another study indicated that the compound elicits 100% response within 32 hr of drug administration. The drug is well tolerated and LD50 is greater than 4500 mg/kg.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A novel system for transplantation of isolated hepatocytes utilizing HBsAg-producing transgenic donor cells.

Hepatocytes from donor transgenic mice that produce an easily assayable circulating marker have been used to develop a novel hepatocyte transplantation system. Isolated G7 HBV transgenic donor hepatocytes secreting HBsAg were transplanted into congeneic or allogeneic mouse recipients. Serum HBsAg was present three days after hepatocyte transplantation in congeneic animals and persisted indefinitely when hepatocytes were transplanted into the spleen. Transplanted hepatocytes within the splenic pulp were identified by morphologic and histochemical analysis. Migration of hepatocytes injected into the spleen to the liver was demonstrated by in situ hybridization using an RNA probe for HBsAg. Transplantation into nonimmunosuppressed allogeneic recipients resulted in disappearance of detectable hepatocytes in the spleen within two weeks. This novel transplantation system should facilitate studies of hepatocyte engraftment and survival, modulation of allograft rejection, and development of hepatocyte-directed gene therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The transmission dynamics of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the male homosexual community in the United Kingdom: the influence of changes in sexual behaviour.

This paper examines the transmission dynamics of human immune deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the male homosexual population in the U.K. via numerical studies employing a mathematical model representing the principal epidemiological process. The model is based on an assumption of proportionate mixing between different sexual-activity classes (defined by the rate of sexual partner change per unit of time) and incorporates heterogeneity in sexual activity, distributed infection and incubation periods and the recruitment of susceptibles to the sexually active population. The sensitivity of model predictions to various assumptions and parameter assignments is examined. Numerical studies of model behaviour focus on the influence of changes in the magnitudes of the transmission parameters, associated with three periods of infectiousness during the incubation period of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), on the magnitude and duration of the epidemic and on the level of the endemic equilibrium state. Predicted temporal trends in the incidence of AIDS are shown to be particularly sensitive to changes in the intensities and durations of the stages of infectiousness. Most of the paper addresses the influence of changes in sexual behaviour on the magnitude and duration of the epidemic. Numerical simulations show that the manner in which behavioural changes occur and who is influenced by such changes (i.e. infecteds or susceptibles, the sexually active population or new recruits to this population) have a major impact on the future timecourse of the epidemic. The greatest reduction in the incidence of AIDS over the coming decades is induced by changes in the rate of sexual-partner change among the sexually active population, particularly those currently infected. The time periods at which changes in behaviour occur, in relation to the starting point of the epidemic (assumed to be 1979), are also of particular significance to the future pattern of the incidence of disease and infection. Changes in behaviour early on in the timecourse of the epidemic have a much greater impact than equivalent changes at latter time points. On the basis of limited data on the pattern of change in sexual behaviour among the male homosexual community in the U.K., numerical studies of model behaviour tentatively suggest that the epidemic is at, or near to, a period of peak incidence of the disease AIDS. Analyses suggest that, following the peak in incidence, there will be a period of slow decline over many decades provided recent changes in behaviour are maintained in the coming years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Prediction of language and neurologic recovery after cerebral infarction with SPECT imaging using N-isopropyl-p-(I 123) iodoamphetamine.

Fourteen patients (10 with left-sided and 4 with right-sided cerebral infarction) were prospectively studied with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using N-isopropyl-p-(I 123) iodoamphetamine (IMP, SPECTamine) to determine its usefulness in predicting neurologic/language recovery after cerebral infarction. All neuro-SPECT imaging was performed within 30 days after infarction. Detailed assessment of neurologic and/or language recovery (after 3 months) was carried out prospectively in each patient. Patients with smaller volume IMP defects in the region of infarction demonstrated significantly better neurologic and language recovery than patients with large IMP defects. Analysis of the IMP "redistribution" phenomenon failed to demonstrate definitively a relationship with clinical recovery. It was concluded that the volume of the IMP defect can aid in predicting recovery potential after cerebral infarction.

Aged↗