Cautions in the clozapine-to-risperidone switch.
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Antipsychotic Agents↗
Biomedical subjects
S Gupta
Publications and source records attributed to S Gupta.
Risperidone: a once-daily dosage schedule.
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Antipsychotic Agents↗
Aluminum phosphide poisoning--a review.
Aluminum phosphide poisoning is common in the rural belt of Northern India. The release of cytotoxic phosphine gas primarily affects the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract and kidneys, although all organs can be involved. The cellular site of action of phosphine requires further definition. Diagnosis is made by clinical suspicion, silver nitrate test and biochemical examination of the gastric aspirate and viscera. Treatment consists of early gastric lavage, vasopressors and supportive care. Specific therapy with intravenous magnesium sulphate is recommended.
Aluminum Compounds↗
Planning and designing of operation theatre complex for district hospital (200-300 beds).
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Building Codes↗
Demonstration of differentiation in hepatocyte progenitor cells using dipeptidyl peptidase IV deficient mutant rats.
The presence of progenitor or stem cells in the adult liver and their potential roles in oncogenesis are unresolved issues. The study of hepatocyte progenitor cells has been limited by a lack of convenient in vivo systems allowing unequivocal cell localization and demonstration of differentiation into hepatocytes. To develop an in vivo progenitor bioassay, early (E14) fetal Fischer 344 rat hepatoblasts were transplanted into the spleen of syngeneic, weaning rats deficient in dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) activity. The donor status of transplanted hepatoblasts was demonstrated by DPPIV expression. Localization of hepatoblasts was facilitated by the use of an ectopic site, as well as weanling recipients, which readily allowed identification of very small numbers of transplanted cells. Fetal rat hepatoblasts were demonstrated to undergo cellular differentiation along the hepatocyte lineage by acquiring glucose-6-phosphatase activity within 5 d of transplantation. A critical review of previous transplantation studies of hepatocyte progenitor cells and the role of the local microenvironment at inducing differentiation indicates that this novel bioassay should facilitate analysis of progenitor cells.
Animals↗
Segmental renal dysplasia--a case report.
A case of segmental renal dysplasia presenting with loin pain, a renal mass and hypertension in a young girl of 16 years is being reported. Clinical and histological features of this rare renal anomaly are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Inhalation challenge effects of perfume scent strips in patients with asthma.
BACKGROUND: Perfume- and cologne-scented advertisement strips are widely used. There are, however, very few data on the adverse effects of perfume inhalation in asthmatic subjects. OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to determine whether perfume inhalation from magazine scent strips could exacerbate asthma. METHODS: Twenty-nine asthmatic adults and 13 normal subjects were included in the study. Histories were obtained and physical examinations performed. Asthma severity was determined by clinical criteria of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Skin prick tests with common inhalant allergens and with the perfume under investigation were also performed. Four bronchial inhalation challenges were performed on each subject using commercial perfume scented strips, filter paper impregnated with perfume identical to that of the commercial strips, 70% isopropyl alcohol, and normal saline, respectively. Symptoms and signs were recorded before and after challenges. Pulmonary function studies were performed before and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after challenges. RESULTS: Inhalational challenges using perfume produced significant declines in FEV1 in asthmatic patients when compared with control subjects. No significant change in FEV1 was noted after saline (placebo) challenge in asthmatic patients. The percent decline in FEV1 was significantly greater after challenge in severely asthmatic patients as compared with those with mild asthma. Chest tightness and wheezing occurred in 20.7% of asthmatic patients after perfume challenges. Asthmatic exacerbations after perfume challenge occurred in 36%, 17%, and 8% of patients with severe, moderate, and mild asthma, respectively. Patients with atopic asthma had greater decreases in FEV1 after perfume challenge when compared with patients with nonallergic asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Perfume-scented strips in magazines can cause exacerbations of symptoms and airway obstruction in asthmatic patients. Severe and atopic asthma increases risk of adverse respiratory reactions to perfumes.
Administration, Inhalation↗
Major depression and irritable bowel syndrome: is there a relationship?
BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been reported in 10% to 22% of adults. Seventy percent to 90% of patients with IBS who seek medical attention have psychiatric comorbidity, most commonly major depression. In contrast, few studies have looked at the prevalence of IBS among psychiatric patients. METHOD: Using a semistructured clinical interview to study the prevalence of IBS, we compared 56 patients seeking treatment for major depression in an outpatient setting to an age- and sex-matched control group of patients (N = 40) who were seeking treatment in a general physician's office for other medical illnesses. The control group had no Axis I disorders. IBS was diagnosed according to the criteria of Drossman et al. RESULTS: Twenty-seven percent (N = 15) of patients with major depression met criteria for IBS in contrast to 2.5% (N = 1) of the control group (p = .0005). Patients with major depression and IBS were more likely to report symptoms of back pain, weakness, heartburn, and nocturnal bowel movements as well as a personal or family history of bowel disease compared with patients with major depression but without IBS. CONCLUSION: IBS is fairly common in patients seeking treatment for major depression. Prospective studies should address the question whether treatment of major depression leads to an improvement or resolution of the symptoms of IBS.
Adult↗
Psychosis in Apert's syndrome with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum.
A 19-year-old male with Apert's syndrome developed psychotic symptoms that responded to haloperidol. He was also found to have partial agenesis of the corpus callosum and enlarged lateral ventricles on a head CT scan. The implications of these findings in the context of psychotic symptoms are discussed. There are no previous reports of psychosis in patients with Apert's syndrome.
Acrocephalosyndactylia↗
Ex vivo hepatic gene transfer in mouse using a defective herpes simplex virus-1 vector.
A defective amplicon herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) vector, HSVlac, was used to transfer an E. coli lacZ reporter gene into primary hepatocytes. The lacZ gene was driven by the HSV immediate early (IE) 4/5 promoter. Use of the HSVlac vector resulted in highly efficient gene transfer. Because difficulties in culturing primary hepatocytes impose limitations in ex vivo gene therapy, we sought to determine whether use of the HSVlac vector could simplify gene transfer. Therefore, we incubated HSVlac with primary hepatocytes in suspension and found that the lacZ gene was still transferred with great rapidity and efficiency. To examine lacZ expression in transduced hepatocytes in vivo, we used a mouse hepatocyte transplantation system. In congeneic recipients of primary hepatocytes transduced with HSVlac in suspension, the lacZ gene was expressed in liver and spleen up to 2 weeks. However, survival of transplanted hepatocytes, as well as persistence of HSVlac genome in recipient organs, was demonstrated for up to an 11-week duration of the experiment. These findings suggest that in vivo regulation of the HSV IE4/5 promoter was responsible for the short-term expression of lacZ, which should be overcome by the use of liver-specific promoters. Therefore, our results indicate the feasibility of hepatic gene transfer with a defective HSV-1 vector.
Animals↗
Conditional immortalization of Gunn rat hepatocytes: an ex vivo model for evaluating methods for bilirubin-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene transfer.
Viral vectors and protein carriers utilizing asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR)-mediated endocytosis are being developed to transfer genes for the correction of bilirubin-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (bilirubin-UGT) deficiency. Ex vivo evaluation of these gene transfer vectors would be facilitated by a cell system that lacks bilirubin-UGT, but expresses differentiated liver functions, including ASGR. We immortalized primary Gunn rat hepatocytes by transduction with a recombinant Moloney murine leukemia virus expressing a thermolabile mutant SV40 large T antigen (tsA58). At 33 degrees C, the immortalized hepatocyte clones expressed SV40 large T antigen, synthesized DNA, and doubled in number every 2 to 3 days. At this temperature, differentiated hepatocyte markers, e.g., albumin, ASGR, and androsterone-UGT, were expressed at 5% to 10% of the levels found in primary hepatocytes maintained in culture for 24 hours. Glutathione-S-transferase Yp (GST-Yp), an oncofetal protein, was expressed in these cells at 33 degrees C, but was undetectable in primary hepatocytes. In contrast, when the cells were cultured at 39 degrees C or 37 degrees C, the large T antigen was degraded, DNA synthesis and cell growth stopped, and morphologic characteristics of differentiated hepatocytes were observed. The expression of albumin, ASGR, and androsterone-UGT, and their corresponding mRNAs, increased to 25% to 40% of the level in primary hepatocytes, whereas GST-Yp expression decreased. Functionality of ASGR was demonstrated by internalization of Texas red-labeled asialoorosomucoid, and binding and degradation of 125I-asialoorosomucoid. After liposome-mediated transfer of a plasmid containing the coding region of human bilirubin-UGT1, driven by the SV40 large T promoter, active human bilirubin-UGT1 was expressed in these cells. The immortalized cells were not tumorigenic after transplantation into severe combined immunodeficiency mice. These conditionally immortalized cells will be useful for ex vivo evaluation of bilirubin-UGT gene transfer vectors.
Animals↗
In the immature mouse, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pili bind a 57-kd (alpha 2-6) sialylated corneal epithelial cell surface protein: a first step in infection.
PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that in the unscarified immature eye, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pili bind glycoprotein receptors, one or more of which are surface associated. METHODS: Several methods--including radioiodination of bacterial pili and surface-associated corneal epithelial proteins (CEPs), solid-phase binding assays, carbohydrate detection, and immunoblotting techniques in which periodate oxidation and preincubation of blots with purified pili, neuraminidase, sialic acid, other sugars, and SNA and MAA lectins--were used to identify and characterize host proteins. Some of these proteins in the immature mouse corneal epithelium interacted with bacterial pili. RESULTS: Seven proteins, with molecular weights from 14 to 66 kd were identified that strongly bound PAK/PR1 pili. To determine if any protein(s) was cell surface localized, corneal epithelial surface membrane proteins were radioiodinated and examined using a pilus overlay assay and lectin analysis. Only one protein of 57 kd was cell surface labeled and bound pili in an overlay assay. This protein was alpha (2-6) sialylated, as shown by SNA binding. Furthermore, SNA lectin was able to block pilus binding to CEPs. 125I labeling of pili and a solid-phase binding assay confirmed that pili bind to CEPs and, further, that binding could be competitively inhibited by excess unlabeled pili and that the receptors appeared saturable. GlycoTrack reagents were used to show that the epithelial proteins of the postnatal day 5 (P5) mouse cornea were glycosylated. Removal of carbohydrates by preincubation of blots with periodate, or combining pili with sialic acid, eliminated pili binding. Pretreatment of blots with either neuraminidase (N'ase) to decrease and/or remove sialic acid residues, or pretreatment with SNA lectin with specificity for alpha (2-6) linked sialic acid to galactose, also diminished pili binding to CEPs. Other sugars or MAA lectin, specific for sialic acid alpha (2-3) linked to galactose, had no inhibitory effect. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that a 57-kd surface membrane protein bound pili in the immature cornea and that for both this protein and the other nonsurface proteins, sialic acid alpha (2-6) linked to galactose was important in receptor recognition by the pilus adhesion. The 57-kd protein is putatively important in the initial interaction of pili with the unwounded ocular epithelium and may be the initial pathogenic event in this model.
Animals↗
Difloxacin reverses multidrug resistance in HL-60/AR cells that overexpress the multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP) gene.
In this study, we have examined the in vitro chemosensitizing activity of difloxacin, a quinolone antimicrobial agent, in the multidrug-resistant human myeloid leukemia HL-60/AR cell line. HL-60/AR cells were found to overexpress multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) mRNA as compared to HL-60 cells. Difloxacin, in a concentration-dependent manner, increased the sensitivity of HL-60/AR cells to daunorubicin, adriamycin, and vincristine, and partially corrected the altered drug transport. In addition, difloxacin corrected subcellular distribution of adriamycin by inducing redistribution of the drug from the perinuclear region to the nucleus in HL-60/AR cells. The chemosensitizing effect of difloxacin was observed at clinically achievable concentrations. We conclude that difloxacin is an effective chemosensitizer of MRP-associated multidrug-resistant tumor cells and is a potential candidate for clinical use to reverse multidrug resistance.
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
In vivo study of artemisinin and its derivatives against primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri.
Artemisinin and its derivatives, beta-arteether and sodium artesunic acid, have been evaluated for activity against experimental primary amebic meningoencephalitis and the efficacy of these compounds has been compared with that of the standard drug amphotericin B. In vivo experiments in Swiss mice have shown that amphotericin B at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg for 5 days produced 100% protection in the mice infected intranasally with Naegleria fowleri. Artemisinin, beta-arteether, and sodium artesunic acid, even when tested at high doses (60-180 mg/kg x 5 days), were not curative and showed only slight protection as indicated by extension of mean survival time.
Amebiasis↗
Aneurysmal form of aortoarteritis with aberrant right subclavian artery: diagnosis by Magnetic Resonance Angiography.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography is rapidly advancing as an important imaging modality for vascular disorders. With increasing experience, it bids fair to replace catheter angiography as the diagnostic procedure of choice in select clinical conditions. We report a case of aneurysmal aortoarteritis with renal failure, in which magnetic resonance angiography proved to be a valuable substitute for conventional studies. In addition, the right subclavian artery had an aberrant origin, an unusual association.
Adult↗
Traumatic wound dehiscence after penetrating keratoplasty.
Eighteen eyes with wound dehiscence after penetrating keratoplasty were studied. Keratoplasty was performed for corneal scarring (n = 8), dystrophies (n = 6), graft failure (n = 2), and corneal edema (n = 2). The mean duration between keratoplasty and wound dehiscence was 6.54 months. All eyes underwent wound repair with or without iris excision, lensectomy, and vitrectomy. Grafts remained clear in eight eyes. Five eyes developed phthisis bulbi. Visual acuity was better than 20/200 in seven eyes. There was no site (quadrant) specificity for dehiscence. Trivial trauma resulted in dehiscence in 10 of the 18 eyes. The major determinants of visual outcome were the force of trauma and status of the posterior segment. Dehiscence of the graft-host junction in all cases reflects its persistent weakness after surgery.
Adolescent↗
Activity of alkaline phosphatase in water-in-oil microemulsions containing vegetable oil.
The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate by the enzyme alkaline phosphatase has been studied in vegetable oil containing water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions of six different compositions at four different (water)/(surfactant) mole ratios of 10, 17.6, 24.7 and 37. The vegetable oils used are ricebran oil (RO) and clove oil (CO) and the amphiphiles used are Aerosol OT (AOT), cinnamic alcohol (CA) and Tween-20 (T-20). The hydrolytic process does not follow conventional Michaelis Menten equation normally observed for enzymatic process. In the water/vegetable oil microemulsions, the enzyme seems to lose its activity when AOT is the amphiphile. The amount of p-nitrophenol generated as a result of hydrolysis is independent of the presence of the enzyme. With Tween-20 as the amphiphile, the microemulsion produces an initial retarding effect which ultimately gets appreciably compensated.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗