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Biomedical subjects

S Godfrey

Publications and source records attributed to S Godfrey.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Tea drinking and microcytic anemia in infants.

To evaluate the effect of tea drinking on the occurrence of microcytic anemia in infants, we studied 122 healthy infants who underwent routine blood counts at the age of 6-12 months. An overall high frequency of anemia (Hb less than 11 gm/dl-48.4%), microcytosis (MCV less than 70 Mm3-21.3%) and microcytic anemia (19%) was found in the whole group. The percentage of tea drinking infants with microcytic anemia (32.6%) was significantly higher than that of the non-tea drinkers (3.5%). The daily amount of tea drinking was 50-750 ml (median 250 ml). The tea drinkers had significantly lower mean levels of hemoglobin than that of the non-tea drinkers (10.5 +/- 1.2 gm/dl vs 11.2 +/- 0.8 gm/dl, respectively) and significantly lower mean levels of mean corpuscular volume than that of the non-tea drinkers (71.5 +/- 7.1 micron 3 vs 76.1 +/- 4.6 micron 3). There were no significant differences between the two groups in their sex distribution and in the duration of breast feeding. The two groups differed with regard to their ages and social class but a multivariate analysis had excluded the possible confounding effect of these differences on the hematological results. Based on our finding we do not recommend giving tea to infants whose main source of iron is from milk, grains, vegetables or medicinal sources.

Anemia↗
PubMed1985

The effect of ketamine on the functional residual capacity in young children.

The effect of ketamine on the functional residual capacity (FRC) was measured in nine ASA class I children prior to elective surgery. FRC was determined by the closed-circuit helium dilution method on the day prior to surgery in the awake state and also following induction of anesthesia on the day of the operation. Anesthesia consisted of ketamine by continuous intravenous infusion following preanesthetic sedation with atropine and triclofos or flunitrazepam. There were no significant differences in FRC between the measurements in the awake state and anesthetized (392 +/- 43 SEM ml, and 411 +/- 53 SEM ml, respectively), and the authors conclude that ketamine does not affect resting lung volume in young children.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1985

What is asthma?

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Asthma↗
PubMed1984

Effect of positive ionisation of inspired air on the response of asthmatic children to exercise.

To evaluate the effect of positive ionisation of inspired air on bronchial reactivity, 12 asthmatic children were twice challenged by exercise in random order. During one test positively ionised air (5-10 X 10(5) ions/cm) was breathed. All challenges were matched in terms of basal lung function and exercise tests were matched in terms of ventilation and respiratory heat loss. Exercise induced asthma was significantly aggravated by exposure to positively ionised air, the postexercise fall in FEV1 (delta FEV1) being 24.7% (SEM and 5.3%) and 35.3% (5%) after the control and ionised air tests respectively (p less than 0.04). It is concluded that positive ionisation aggravates the bronchial response to exercise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Relation between efficacy of sodium cromoglycate and baseline lung function in exercise- and hyperventilation-induced asthma.

The protective effect of sodium cromoglycate (SCG) against exercise- and hyperventilation-induced asthma with respect to basal lung function was investigated in young asthmatics. The subjects performed standardized exercise or isocapnic hyperventilation challenge tests breathing cold dry air; in each case the effect of SCG was compared with that of a placebo in a double-blind fashion. With exercise as the challenge in 24 subjects, there was a strong positive correlation between the protective effect of SCG and the basal level of lung function. Using hyperventilation as the challenge in 11 subjects, there was no such correlation, but excluding two known placebo responders, there was a negative correlation between the protective effect of SCG and basal lung function. There findings suggest that exercise and hyperventilation operate differently in inducing asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Bronchoscopy and bronchography in children. Experience with 110 investigations.

The results of 92 bronchoscopic examinations and 18 bronchograms in infants and children performed during a two-year period were reviewed. Of 62 patients with suspected foreign-body aspiration, the diagnosis was confirmed in 36 (58%); of 18 patients mainly suspected of having congenital anomalies, a positive diagnosis was made in 12 (66%); but of nine patients with lobar atelectasis only two had abnormal findings. In three patients a transbronchial biopsy specimen did not provide diagnostic material. Bronchography for suspected localized bronchiectasis was performed in 11 patients and a positive diagnosis was made in seven. In all seven patients suspected of having congenital anomalies, bronchography provided a definitive diagnosis. There was no mortality and morbidity was minimal but three patients died of their primary disease. Nearly 60% of the investigations yielded abnormal results, but many of the normal findings were of equal clinical value.

Bronchiectasis↗
PubMed1983

Duration of action of sodium cromoglycate on exercise induced asthma: comparison of 2 formulations.

Thirteen asthmatic children aged 9-14 years participated in a double blind randomised trial to compare the effectiveness and duration of action of 2 formulations of sodium cromoglycate; one a 20 mg capsule of powdered sodium cromoglycate delivered by turbo inhaler (spinhaler), and the other 1 mg of aerosolised sodium cromoglycate delivered by pressurised cannister inhaler (aerosol). The children performed exercise tests on each of 3 days in a 10 day period--15 minutes, 2 hours, and 6 hours after inhalation of powder, aerosol, or a placebo. Two patients were not protected from exercise induced asthma by either formulation of sodium cromoglycate. Among the remaining patients both formulations gave good protection from exercise induced asthma 15 minutes after inhalation, and the effect of both wore off steadily over the next 6 hours. The spinhaler gave appreciably better protection than the aerosol at 15 minutes after inhalation, and was the only formulation to provide good protection at 2 hours and 6 hours. The more limited effectiveness of the aerosol may be explained by the lower dose of sodium cromoglycate and the more complicated inhalation technique required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Refractory period following induced asthma: contributions of exercise and isocapnic hyperventilation.

To compare the refractory period that follows exercise and isocapnic hyperventilation, 10 asthmatic children performed two pairs of challenge tests in random order at least six hours apart. In pair A a hyperventilation challenge was followed by an exercise challenge and in pair B the order was reversed. Both pairs of tests were done while the children were breathing cold dry air. Tests were matched in terms of work load, ventilation, and end tidal carbon dioxide tension (PCO2). The mean percentage fall in FEV1 (delta FEV1) after the first challenge (hyperventilation) of pair A and the first challenge (exercise) of pair B were the same (30% (SEM 2%)) and 30% (4%) respectively). The mean delta FEV1 of the exercise test following hyperventilation in pair A and of hyperventilation following exercise in pair B was 22% (4%) and 18% (4%) respectively. Both these latter results were significantly lower than the respective delta FEV1 when the challenge was the first test of the pair. Although the mean refractoriness index (reduction in induced asthma in the second test of each pair compared with the first test) was greater when exercise was the first challenge, the difference was not significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Effect of negative ionisation of inspired air on the response of asthmatic children to exercise and inhaled histamine.

To evaluate the effect of negative ionisation of inspired air on bronchial reactivity, 11 asthmatic children were challenged twice by exercise and 10 were challenged twice by histamine inhalation. The children breathed negatively ionised air (4 X 10(5) - 10 X 10(5) ions/cm3) or control room air in random order in a double-blind fashion. All challenges were matched in terms of basal lung function and the exercise tests were matched in terms of ventilation and respiratory heat loss. Exercise-induced asthma was significantly attenuated by exposure to negatively ionised air, the mean postexercise fall in one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) being 29% (SE 5%) of the initial value after the control and 21% (3%) after the ionised air test (p less than 0.02). Ten of the 11 subjects developed less exercise-induced asthma while breathing ionised air. Although the median dose of histamine (cumulative breath units) which caused a constant fall in FEV1 for each individual was higher with the ionised air challenge than with the control challenge the difference was not significant. Five of the 10 subjects were less sensitive to histamine and the other five more sensitive when breathing ionised air. It is concluded that negative ionisation of inspired air can modulate the bronchial response to exercise but the effect on the response to histamine is much more variable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Heterogeneity in the response of asthmatic patients to pre-exercise treatment with cromolyn sodium.

The protective effect of pre-exercise treatment with cromolyn sodium (CS) on exercise-induced asthma (EIA) was investigated. Ten children and young adults each exercised for 6 min by cycling on a cycle ergometer while breathing cold dry air. Each subject performed 2 tests in which ventilation, heart rate, and gas exchange were closely matched; 15 min prior to each test, the patient inhaled either placebo or CS powder in a double-blind, randomized fashion. All subjects were found to be protected by CS, as manifested by a postexercise fall in FEV1 of 14 +/- 4% SE compared with the control postexercise fall of 39 +/- 5%. All 10 subjects had participated in a previous study (7), and we found that the 3 subjects who were not rendered refractory to EIA by a prior warm humid exercise test were only minimally protected by CS, whereas the 7 other patients who were rendered refractory to EIA, even by warm humid exercise, were greatly protected by CS. This finding suggests that there exists a consistent heterogeneity in the response of asthmatic patients to exercise, possibly related to the individual site of receptors or of airway hyperreactivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Refractory period after hyperventilation-induced asthma.

Nine young asthmatic subjects undertook isocapnic hyperventilation while breathing air under different conditions. Each subject undertook 2 pairs of tests. Pair A consisted of 2 hyperventilation challenges performed while breathing cold (2.8 +/- 1.4 degrees C) dry (2.3 +/- 0.05 mg H2O/L) air. Pair B consisted of an initial warm (38.0 +/- 0.9 degrees C) saturated air challenge followed by a cold dry challenge. Tests were closely matched in terms of ventilation and respiratory heat loss in the cold dry tests. The subjects were rendered refractory by the first cold dry hyperventilation challenge, the fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) after hyperventilation in the first test (delta FEV1 = 39 +/- 5%) being significantly greater than that after the second challenge of Pair A (delta FEV1 = 21 +/- 5%, p less than 0.005). In test Pair B, the warm humid hyperventilation challenge neither caused significant asthma (delta FEV1 6 +/- 3%) nor rendered the subjects refractory to the subsequent cold dry test (delta FEV1 38 +/- 4%). Because in a previous study it was shown that exercise while breathing warm humid air could induce a refractory period without itself causing asthma, we conclude that hyperventilation-induced asthma is not the same as exercise-induced asthma in most subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Pneumatocele in infants and children. Report of 12 cases.

Pneumatoceles were found in 2.4 per cent of 493 infants and children with pneumonia. In all cases, attempts were made to establish the etiology by means of blood cultures and of deep tracheal aspirations or pleural punctures, when indicated. A definite cause was established in 9 of 12 cases. Seven were due to infection: in two Hemophilus influenzae was involved; two others were due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae were each isolated in one case. Two pneumatoceles were seen following kerosene ingestion. A coagulase negative staphylococcus isolated only on blood culture in one other child may have been related to the illness. Two patients experienced spontaneous pneumothorax and died of progressive respiratory failure due to enlargement of the pneumatocele, but all the other patients recovered without complication. Pneumatoceles in childhood can result from a variety of bacterologic infections as well as from kerosene ingestion.

Bacterial Infections↗