Long-term ethanol administration methods for rats: advantages of inhalation over intubation or liquid diets.
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Alcohol Drinking↗
Biomedical subjects
S G Wiener
Publications and source records attributed to S G Wiener.
Injectable sodium chloride as a local anesthetic for skin surgery.
Sodium chloride injected intracutaneously has proved to be an effective local anesthetic for superficial skin surgery. Among the advantages of sodium chloride over the "caines" are: absence of burning or stinging on injection, lack of sensitization, and lower cost. Lesions can be removed by the parallel scalpel technique, razor technique, or curettage. Saline also provides adequate anesthesia for punch biopsies and electrocautery techniques. Lesions removed to date have been numerous--nevi, papillomas, and verrucas. Biopsies of benign and malignant lesions have also been performed with this technique.
Adolescent↗
Perinatal malnutrition and early handling: interactive effects on the development of the pituitary-adrenal system.
The preweaning development of the pituitary-adrenal system was investigated in perinatally malnourished rodents. Malnourished pups that were routinely handled displayed an earlier plasma corticosterone stress response to electric shock and an accelerated development of feedback inhibition of the stress response by exogenously elevated steroid levels. Although malnourished pups displayed elevated basal corticosterone levels compared to well-fed controls, the post-stress levels were also higher in these malnourished young. Thus, the corticosterone response to stress was not impaired in malnourished pups. The influence of the early handling of malnourished young on pituitary-adrenal activity was also studied. Whereas the accelerated development of the stress response and the elevated post-shock levels were not the result of early handling, the elevated basal corticosterone levels displayed by handled malnourished pups were not present in nonhandled malnourished pups. Thus, the early non-nutritional environment interacts with malnutrition to alter the development of the pituitary-adrenal system.
Animals↗
Maternal pituitary-adrenal responsiveness as a function of differential treatment of rat pups.
The effects of litter separation and pup treatment on the maternal pituitary-adrenal system were investigated in 3 experiments. Lactating females did not show a pituitary-adrenal response to separation from their pups. However, the lactating females showed an increase in plasma corticosterone when their pups had been briefly removed and then returned. If, in addition, the pups were subjected to a noxious stimulus (electric shock) during the 2-min separation, mothers showed a further increase in corticosterone. When pups were returned after 3 hr of separation, mothers again showed a differential pattern of corticoid responsiveness. The magnitude of the mother's pituitary adrenocortical response depended upon the intensity of treatment given to the pups. These data lend physiological support to behavioral studies which have shown that maternal behavior is differentially influenced by pup-produced stimuli.
Animals↗
Alterations in the maternal behavior of rats rearing malnourished offspring.
Investigations of maternal behavior of mothers fed a low-protein diet indicated deficits in retrieval and in the rate of nest-building. In addition, they indicated a concomitant increase in time spent with young when assessed during periods not associated with the retrieval/nest-building test session. The adrenalectomized mother, another case that produces growth-stunted progeny, was compared with both low-protein and control mothers for maternal behavior. Unlike the low-protein mother, the adrenalectomized mother did not exhibit retrieval or nest-building deficits; however, the adrenalectomized mother did display an increase in time spent with young. These data suggest that although deficits in retrieval and nest-building can be attributed to the nutritional condition of the mother, the stimulus characteristics of the malnourished pup are important in eliciting the increased time spent with the litter.
Adrenalectomy↗
Pituitary--adrenal responsiveness of rat mothers to noxious stimuli and stimuli produced by pups.
Studies on the response of female rats to various stresses during the course of lactation showed a marked reduction in pituitary-adrenal activity. Maximum suppression coincided with the period of maximum lactation, about 14 days after parturition. Both pituitary corticotropin and the release of corticosterone were significantly reduced. Females showing maternal behaviour but not lactating did not exhibit this buffering of the stress response. Another aspect of pituitary-adrenal activity has been studied in lactating female rats. Females, although they have a buffered stress response, responded differently, in terms of pituitary-adrenal activity, to stimuli emitted by the pups: pups which are exposed to noxious stimuli elicit a much greater pituitary-adrenal response in lactating females than do pups which are merely handled. Separation from the pups does not elicit a pituitary-adrenal response. This difference in response is modified if the infants are malnourished and is not observed in virgin animals that are not lactating.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Influence of maternal malnutrition on pituitary-adrenal responsiveness to offspring.
Maternal pituitary-adrenal responsiveness to noxious and pup-produced stimuli was investigated in rat mothers fed low protein or control diets. While low protein (LP) mothers did not differ from control (C) dams in basal secretion of corticosterone or in their response to ether or novelty stress, the LP mother's response to pups which had been either handled (H) or shocked (S) differed from controls. This responsiveness to pups depended on both the mother's and pup's nutritional condition. While control pups elicited a differential pattern of pituitary-adrenal response which depended on pup treatment (H/S) from both C and LP mothers, malnourished pups were not capable of eliciting this differential pattern from either type of dam. Overall, malnourished pups elicited less responsiveness. In addition, low protein mothers displayed a decreasing responsiveness toward malnourished pups as lactation proceeded. Thus, this physiological evidence confirms behavioral observations indicating that both the mother's and pup's nutritional condition play a role in determining mother-infant relationships.
Animals↗
Nutritional variables and their effect on the development of ultrasonic vocalizations in rat pups.
Measures of ultrasonic vocalizations were made on alternate days during the first and second weeks postpartum in rat pups reared by mothers fed either control (23%) or low protein (8%) diets. Compared to those reared by control mothers, pups reared by low protein mothers emitted significantly fewer ultrasonic vocalizations. The hypothesis that malnutrition might shift the age at which peak rate of vocalizations were emitted was not confirmed.
Animals↗