Based on the results of an inquiry among 296 Norwegian missionaries and Foreign Aid workers, we present some observations on the present rabies situation in several African countries, India and Bangladesh, Equador and Bolivia. Traditionally these countries receive a large proportion of our missionaries and Foreign Aid personnel. The incidence of rabies varies considerably in the areas covered by this investigation. When calculated for the mean length of stay (4 to 5 years) the average rating of physical exposure to proven or suspected rabies was 16% per household and 7% per individual household member. The risk of exposure was higher with children (10%) than adults (6%). the family dog equalled the stray dog as the source of suspected infection. Of the 48 persons who had been recommended post-exposure vaccination two thirds had only tended or been licked by the offending animal. However, in such animals the ratio of proven or highly probable rabies to non-proven or unknown diagnosis was 2:1. The rabies situation was considered as a minor factor of psychic stress by two thirds of the responding persons, even in highly epizootic countries. The results of this study may be of some value in the process of forming a policy for pre-exposure prophylaxis against rabies for people who are going to stay for a prolonged period of time in these areas of the world.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Vaccinia and topical steroids: a case report.

Widespread vaccinia developed in non-eczematous skin around the eyes and mouth of a 20-year-old man, whereas active eczematous lesions on both wrists were unaffected. The use of steroid ointments is discussed as a possible causal factor.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1979

[Serological diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis].

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Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Control of Schistosoma mansoni in the Blue Nile Valley of western Ethiopia by mass chemotherapy and focal snail control: a primary health care experience.

A simplified combination of human mass treatment with oxamniquine and focal snail control has been applied in a local Schistosoma mansoni control programme in a primary health care setting in the Dalati and Agallu Metti areas of the Ethiopian Blue Nile Valley. Teams of local health personnel and farmers did the daily work under intermittent supervision. Monthly snail surveys near the major villages disclosed a seasonal pattern with many infected snails during the dry season in upper stagnant sections of tributary rivers (1000-1200 m altitude) with favourable temperatures, and few snails in the rainy season. The highest prevalences and intensities of human infection were found in the 15-19 year age group living in the lower altitudes around 700 m. 5067 individuals (50-80% of the local population) were treated with 20-40 mg oxamniquine per kg body weight during the rainy seasons of 1985 (Dalati) and 1986 (Agallu Metti). In the Dalati area cross sectional surveys in 1985 and 1986, before and after the mass treatment, showed a reduction in prevalence from 42.4% to 11.4%, while in the Agallu Metti area a stratified random sample showed a prevalence reduction from 65.4% in 1986 to 7.8% in 1987 and a reduction in the prevalence of moderate to heavy infection (greater than 100 eggs per gram of stool) from 36.9% to 1.4%. Beginning in 1986 niclosamide was applied focally wherever infected snails were found and the monthly snail surveillance continued until 1989. As a result of this combined approach overall snail infection rates were reduced from 11.2% (Dalati) and 32% (Agallu Metti) to zero and 2% respectively. In 1989 the human prevalence was still only 8.6% in Agallu Metti. This programme has shown that it is feasible to control S. mansoni in these very remote localities through the primary health care system.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative detection of schistosomal circulating anodic antigen by a magnetic bead antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MBAC-EIA) before and after mass chemotherapy.

The magnetic bead antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MBAC-EIA) has been applied to detect schistosomal circulating anodic antigen (CAA) in pre- and post-treatment sera from 55 individuals in a Schistosoma mansoni control project in the Blue Nile valley of western Ethiopia. The amounts of CAA detected by this assay were positively correlated with the numbers of eggs per gram of faeces (epg). A significant reduction in CAA levels as measured by the MBAC-EIA was observed after mass chemotherapy. The sensitivity was 88-89% in clinically significant cases excreting more than 100 epg. In light infections, however, the sensitivity was lower. None of 32 uninfected Norwegian blood donors or 12 Ethiopian immigrants to Norway were positive. The specificity was thus estimated to be 100%. The test is rapid (1-2 h) and simple to perform without sophisticated equipment and could therefore, with slight modification, be used as a reliable method of diagnosis at field level in endemic areas undergoing mass chemotherapy campaigns or population surveys.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Transabdominal ultrasound for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infection of the upper female genital tract: a preliminary report.

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Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of eosinophil cationic protein as a possible diagnostic marker for female genital schistosomiasis in women living in a Schistosoma haematobium endemic area.

Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels were measured in vaginal lavage extracts from 518 Zimbabwean reproductive women, age range 15-49 years, to assess the potential use of ECP as a diagnostic marker for female genital schistosomiasis (FGS). One hundred and fifty women had confirmed FGS status. These included 77 (cases) women who had ova in genital tissue and 73 (controls) women who had no ova in genital tissue. Participants were examined at baseline, 3 and 15 months post-treatment with praziquantel. ECP levels were determined using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ECP-ELISA). ECP levels from 18 Norwegian women were used to calculate the diagnostic values of the test. FGS was diagnosed from the study population using genital biopsy and smears. Women were also diagnosed for urinary schistosomiasis using the urine filtration technique. The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was 39 % at baseline and this declined to 8% and 6% at 3 and 15 month post-treatment surveys, respectively. There was a higher mean ECP level in women with FGS, 889.3 ng/mL (95% CI: 457.0-1327.5) compared to the endemic control group, 359.1 ng/mL (95%, CI: 227.3-490.9), P = 0.027. Mean ECP levels declined at 3 months following treatment of infected individuals. There was no correlation between ECP levels and tissue ova density, and urine egg intensity. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for the ECP-ELISA test were 35%, 80%, 65% and 53%, respectively. Our results indicate that FGS causes an inflammatory immune response that increases ECP levels in genital fluid. Treatment of schistosomiasis results in a regression of pathology and a decline in ECP levels. However, other factors such as allergy and microbial infection could also be responsible for increased ECP levels in genital mucosa. These conditions will affect the validity of the test in diagnosis of FGS.

Adolescent↗