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Biomedical subjects

S G Campbell

Publications and source records attributed to S G Campbell.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Emergency department patients' opinions of screening for intimate partner violence among women.

BACKGROUND: Universal screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) in the emergency department (ED) has been advocated by many medical institutions. Policies implemented for IPV screening have met with numerous obstacles. One such obstacle is the perception by emergency personnel that patients might be offended by such screening if they presented to the ED for problems unrelated to trauma. OBJECTIVES: To assess opinions of adult ED patients regarding a policy of universal IPV screening for women presenting to the ED. METHODS: This study was conducted in EDs in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and St John's, Newfoundland. Patients were questioned as to whether it was appropriate for all women to be asked if they had experienced violent or threatening behaviour from someone close to them. Patients in significant pain or in extremis were not approached. RESULTS: The data consist of a convenience sample of 514 adult ED patients, aged 16-95 years. Two (0.4%) were excluded from the analysis. Of 512 analysed, 442 (86.0%) answered "yes" to the question, 53 (10.3%) answered "no", 17 (3.3%) had no opinion. There were no significant differences between the proportion of "yes" and "no" answers in the male and female groups. CONCLUSION: Universal screening for IPV of adult female patients presenting to the ED was supported by most patients. Patient objections should not be seen as a reason to withhold questioning on this issue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Loss of translational control in yeast compromised for the major mRNA decay pathway.

The cytoplasmic fate of mRNAs is dictated by the relative activities of the intimately connected mRNA decay and translation initiation pathways. In this study, we have found that yeast strains compromised for stages downstream of deadenylation in the major mRNA decay pathway are incapable of inhibiting global translation initiation in response to stress. In the past, the paradigm of the eIF2alpha kinase-dependent amino acid starvation pathway in yeast has been used to evaluate this highly conserved stress response in all eukaryotic cells. Using a similar approach we have found that even though the mRNA decay mutants maintain high levels of general translation, they exhibit many of the hallmarks of amino acid starvation, including increased eIF2alpha phosphorylation and activated GCN4 mRNA translation. Therefore, these mutants appear translationally oblivious to decreased ternary complex abundance, and we propose that this is due to higher rates of mRNA recruitment to the 40S ribosomal subunit.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2004

Patients with community acquired pneumonia discharged from the emergency department according to a clinical practice guideline.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety of discharging patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) according to a clinical practice guideline. METHODS: A systematic retrospective review of medical records of 867 adult patients discharged from an emergency department (ED) with CAP between 3 January 1999 and 3 January 2001. Readmission or death rates within 30 days of discharge were evaluated, using data from all local hospitals and from the provincial coroner. RESULTS: Of 685 patients with pneumonia severity index (PSI) scores of <91, 13 (1.9%) were readmitted and five (0.76%) died within 30 days of the ED visit. Thirty day readmission and death rates for patients with PSI >90 were 7.14% (13 of 182) and 9.34% (17 of 182), respectively. CONCLUSION: Adult patients with CAP discharged from the ED according to the recommendations of a clinical practice guideline based on the PSI have low readmission and death rates, and are generally safely managed as outpatients.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Utility of blood cultures in the management of adults with community acquired pneumonia discharged from the emergency department.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical value of blood cultures (BCs) in the management of adult patients discharged from the emergency department (ED) with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia (CAP). METHODS: The courses of antibiotic regimens and outcomes of patients with positive BC results were examined to assess their influence on BCs. RESULTS: BCs were obtained from 289 outpatients. Six clinically significant organisms were identified (a yield of 2.1%). Outpatients with CAP who had blood cultures performed had a 0.69% (2 of 289) chance of having a change of treatment directed by the results of the culture. CONCLUSION: BCs have little utility in the ambulatory management of CAP.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The Internet and electronic transmission of medical records.

OBJECTIVE: To review, from a legal perspective the potential for using the Internet for inter-institutional transfer of patient medical records. METHODS: Basic issues and recent legislation that relate to protection of both medical data, and those transferring that data over public network systems is reviewed. RESULTS: Many laws already in existence can be applied to Internet transmission, but questions of jurisdiction remain. Providing signatures on requests for information, which are in essence contracts, is a problem. Signatures must both prove the identity of the participants and provide for non-repudiation of the agreement. Cryptographic digital signatures appear secure and effective, but their use is difficult to implement. Simpler methods are fraught with risks, yet are more easily accomplished. The patient's rights of privacy must be balanced against the need for access by government, physician, or healthcare institutions to confidential information. In general, information holders must put forth reasonable efforts to keep information confidential. The development of acknowledged standards will provide guidance. Multiple laws provide some deterrence and hence some reassurance to healthcare institutions, for example, by criminalizing acts of electronic interception of patient records in transit. CONCLUSION: Some believe the expense of secure transfer of medical records by electronic means is a major obstacle; this is false: such transfers are now technologically quite easy. The greatest obstacle to electronic transfer of medical records at this point is the development of workable standards for signing agreements and protecting transmissions, but the perceived advantages will likely drive the necessary developments.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of a New York ovine lentivirus isolate.

A lentivirus has been isolated from a Finnish ewe with ovine progressive pneumonia in a closed upstate New York flock. We demonstrated that the virus, designated ovine lentivirus strain CU1 (OLV-CU1), is biologically, biochemically and molecularly related to, but distinct from, previously described sheep and goat lentiviruses. Nine of 32 ewes (from the affected flock) with precipitating antibodies for ovine lentivirus also produced antibodies that were able to neutralize the infectivity of OLV-CU1. The virus replicated in cultured sheep fibroblasts and caused the formation of large multi-nucleated cells. OLV-CU1-specific RNA transcripts found in infected cells and virion antigenic proteins were similar to those of other small ruminant lentiviruses. However, the virus was distinguished from other isolates at the DNA level by nucleic acid hybridization, restriction endonuclease mapping and partial sequencing of the virus genome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

The influence of opsonins on the bactericidal effect of bovine alveolar macrophages against Pasteurella multocida.

Monolayers of bovine alveolar macrophages were infected with smooth and rough strains of Pasteurella multocida to determine their bactericidal function. Heat inactivated normal bovine serum, fresh bovine serum, specific immune serum and a combination of specific immune serum and fresh bovine serum were used as opsonins. A substantial difference in the bactericidal effect of macrophages against the logarithmic and stationary phase p. multocida was observed. Opsonization of the rough strain of P. multocida with the combination of specific immune and fresh serum increased their association with alveolar macrophages compared to those opsonized with either normal serum, fresh serum or specific immune serum. Opsonization of the smooth strain of P. multocida with normal bovine serum resulted in substantially fewer bacteria associated with macrophages at time zero, compared with other opsonins. Regardless of the kind of opsonins used in these experiments, the number of the rough strain of P. multocida killed by macrophages was always higher than those of the smooth strain.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Immunization against experimental murine salmonellosis with liposome-associated O-antigen.

Partially delipidated Salmonella typhimurium (O-1,4,5,12) lipopolysaccharide was incorporated into small multilamellar liposomes composed of either naturally occurring or synthetic phospholipids. Vaccination of mice with the liposome-lipopolysaccharide complexes induced a cellular response specific for O-1,4,5,12 determinants, as determined by the development of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. The liposome-lipopolysaccharide vaccines were significantly more effective, compared with other nonviable vaccines tested, in protecting mice against a lethal intravenous challenge infection with virulent S. typhimurium. Protection afforded by the liposome-lipopolysaccharide vaccines was comparable to that conferred by a live S. typhimurium vaccine. Results suggest that liposome-induced modulation of the host immune response in favor of cell-mediated immunity may be more efficacious in preventing diseases in which cell-mediated immunity is of prime importance.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Intraphagocytic killing of Salmonella typhimurium by liposome-encapsulated cephalothin.

Multilamellar liposomes (lipid bilayer vesicles) composed of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and phosphatidylserine (molar ratio, 6:3:1) were produced and then made to entrap an aqueous solution of cephalothin. Resident murine peritoneal macrophages were shown to be capable of interiorizing the liposome-antibiotic complex; this event resulted in a relatively high intracellular concentration of cephalothin. In macrophages infected in vitro with Salmonella typhimurium, intracellular killing of the bacteria was maximal at 60 min of incubation; at this time, 60% of the interiorized organisms had been killed. Treatment of infected macrophages with liposome-encapsulated cephalothin enhanced the intraphagocytic killing of S typhimurium over that by macrophages treated with free cephalothin. These results demonstrate the superiority of liposome-encapsulated antibiotics to free antibiotics in effecting the elimination of a facultative intracellular bacterium from its intracellular site. This type of complex may find application in the treatment of diseases caused by this group of microorganisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Fate of Pasteurella hemolytica in conventionally raised and germfree mice.

When Pasteurella hemolytica was introduced into conventionally raised ICR mice by a variety of routes (intraperitoneal, aerogenic, and oral), the inoculum was rapidly eliminated, and none of the mice died. Even when the inoculum was injected intraperitoneally into sublethally irradiated (600 rads) mice, the organisms were eliminated rapidly unless suspended in 10% hog gastric mucin. When germfree ICR mice were orally infected with P. hemolytica, the infection established itself in the intestinal tract and spread to the mesenteric lymph nodes but did not progress beyond this point. Despite the inability of P. hemolytica to establish itself systemically, the organism multiplied freely in mouse blood and a homogenate of normal mouse lung in vitro. Normal mouse peritoneal macrophages could phagocytose P. hemolytica in vitro, although not as efficiently as the control Listeria monocytogenes suspensions. The addition of hyperimmune bovine serum (opsonin) to the P. hemolytica suspension increased phagocytosis but did not greatly affect the subsequent bactericidal activity of the macrophages in vitro. The reason for the lack of pathogenicity shown by P. hemolytica in normal mice remains enigmatic.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Bactericidal activity of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages exposed in vitro to three strains of Pasteurella multocida.

Normal ICR mice were infected intravenously, intraperitoneally, or aerogenically with Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from a turkey (S68), calf (V90), or rabbit (J20) lung. Both the turkey and calf isolates were highly virulent for mice and multiplied logarithmically in the lungs, liver, and spleen, resulting in death of the animals in 18 to 36 h. The rabbit strain was avirulent for mice, but repeated passage in mice did result in some increased virulence. All three strains of P. multocida were inactivated rapidly by normal mouse peritoneal macrophages, provided that the organisms were opsonized with specific hyperimmune serum before being exposed to the macrophage monolayers. P. multocida was slowly inactivated by normal mouse alveolar macrophages when the organisms were preopsonized. However, the surviving organisms later multiplied extensively in vitro. Macrophages harvested from hyperimmunized mice were no better at inactivating opsonized P. multocida cells than were normal mouse cells. The relative importance of the different phagocytic cell populations in the uptake and killing of opsonized P. multocida cells is discussed in relation to immunity to this important animal pathogen.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Liposome-encapsulated cephalothin in the treatment of experimental murine salmonellosis.

The effectiveness of liposome-encapsulated cephalothin was compared with free cephalothin for the treatment of mice experimentally infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Compared with free cephalothin, following intravenous administration, liposome-encapsulated cephalothin was cleared from the circulation more rapidly and concentrated in the liver and spleen. Treatment of infected mice with the liposome antibiotic complex was more efficacious in terms of reducing the number of S. typhimurium in these organs as compared with the free antibiotic. The results suggest that liposome-encapsulated antimicrobial agents may possess a therapeutic advantage in the treatment of diseases caused by facultative intracellular bacteria since this manipulation favors delivery of the entrapped antibiotic to intracellular sites occupied by S. typhimurium.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Relationship between serum immunoglobulin values and incidence of respiratory disease in calves.

Severe respiratory disease, with high morbidity and high mortality, occurred in 2 groups of bull calves (14 to 64 days old) raised in th same facility. Necropsy findings included lesions of acute or chronic bronchopneumonia. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) values were determined for all calves at 3 to 6 days of age. Calves that died of respiratory disease had an average IgG value of 1,267 mg/100 ml, whereas calves that lived had an average IgG value of 2,698 mg/100 ml. Calves with low serum IgG values had higher morbidity, had to be treated earlier in life, and had to be treated more frequently per day, when compared with calves that had high serum IgG values.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Experimentally induced caseous lymphadenitis in goats.

Caseous lymphadenitis was experimentally induced in goats by inoculating 1 x 10(6) Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by 3 routes: subcutaneous, intradermal, and submucosal. The incubation period for the development of abscesses in the present study ranged from 41 to 147 days, the average being 95.2 days. The shedding period for C pseudotuberculosis from opened abscesses ranged from 9 to 37 days, with an average of 20.3 days. The infection spread to mediastinal lymph nodes in 1 goat and to lumbar lymph nodes in 5 goats. None of the goats had abscesses in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was recovered from all the abscessed lymph nodes but not from the feces or nasal secretions.

Abscess↗