Human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer screening.
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Female↗
Biomedical subjects
S Franceschi
Publications and source records attributed to S Franceschi.
Risk of Kaposi's sarcoma and of other cancers in Italian renal transplant patients.
A follow-up study of 1844 renal transplant patients in Italy showed a 113-fold increased risk for Kaposi's sarcoma. Kaposi's sarcoma risk was higher in persons born in southern than in northern Italy. Significant increases were also observed for cancers of the lip, liver, kidney and for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Adult↗
Papillomavirus infection in rural women in southern India.
To investigate the prevalence of, and the risk factors for, cervical infection with 44 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in a rural area in the Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India, we interviewed and obtained cervical cell samples from 1891 married women aged 16-59 years. HPV prevalence was 16.9% overall and 14.0% among women without cervical abnormalities, or 17.7 and 15.2%, respectively, age-standardised to the world standard population. In all, 21.9% of infections involved more than one HPV type. High-risk HPV types predominated, particularly HPV 16 (22.5% of women infected), followed by HPV 56, HPV 31, HPV 33 and HPV 18. Unlike most populations studied in developed countries, HPV prevalence was constant across the age groups. HPV positivity was inversely associated with education level (odds ratio (OR) among women with high school vs no education=0.6) and positively associated with widowhood and divorce (OR=1.7), nulligravidity (OR=2.3), and condom use (OR=2.6). It is unclear how much low clearance of, or frequent reinfection with HPV accounted for the study prevalence of infection in different age groups.
Adolescent↗
Classic Kaposi's sarcoma in Italy, 1985-1998.
To evaluate incidence rates (IRs) of classic Kaposi's sarcoma (CKS) in Italy after the spread of AIDS, we distinguished CKS from AIDS-related KS (AKS) using an 'ad hoc' record linkage procedure between 15 Cancer Registries (CRs) (21% of the Italian population) and the national AIDS Registry. Between 1985 and 1998, 874 cases of CKS and 634 cases of AKS were diagnosed in the study areas. CKS accounted for 16 and 27% of KS cases below 55 years of age in men and women, respectively, but for 91 and 100% of those above age 55. The IRs for CKS were 1.0/ in men and 0.4/100,000 in women, but they varied between 0.3 in Umbria and 4.7 in Sassari in men, and between 0.1 in Parma and 1.7 in Sassari in women. IRs of CKS in both genders were stable between 1985-1987 and 1993-1998. In Northern and Central CRs the IR (adjusted for age and gender) for CKS was 0.5 in individuals born in the same area, but 1.6 in individuals born in Southern Italy or in the Islands (rate ratio = 3.2) suggesting that KS-associated herpesvirus, the cause of KS, is acquired early in life.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Diabetes mellitus and the risk of prostate cancer in Italy.
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relation between diabetes and the risk of prostate cancer, as epidemiological results are controversial. METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Italy between 1991 and 2002. Cases were 1294 men, aged <75 years, with incident histologically confirmed prostate cancer, and controls were 1451 men, aged <75 years, admitted to hospital for acute non-neoplastic diseases. Odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: No material association between diabetes and prostate cancer was observed, with a multivariate OR of 1.02 (95%CI 0.75-1.40). Prostate cancer was not related to time since diagnosis of diabetes (OR 0.82 and 0.97 for <5 and >/=15 years since diagnosis respectively). The OR were respectively 1.63 (95%CI 0.70-3.81) and 0.96 (95%CI 0.68-1.34) in men diagnosed with diabetes at age <45 or >/=45 years. The risk estimates were similar across strata of age at interview, body mass index and, among cases, of Gleason score. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows no material association between diabetes and prostate cancer risk.
Age Distribution↗
History of weight and obesity through life and risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
OBJECTIVE: The relation of anthropometric measures, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) risk was investigated. DESIGN: Hospital-based case-control study. SUBJECTS: Cases were 1369 men with histologically confirmed BPH, and controls were 1451 men below 75 y, admitted to hospital for acute non-neoplastic diseases. MEASUREMENTS: Using a structured questionnaire, trained interviewers collected information on self-reported height and weight, and measured waist and hip circumference of patients. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: Compared to the corresponding lowest quartile, the OR for the highest one were 0.76 (95% CI 0.59-0.98) for body weight, 0.71 (95% CI 0.54-0.94) for waist-to-hip ratio and 0.87 (95% CI 0.70-1.09) for body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)). Compared to a lowest lifelong BMI <20.7 kg/m(2), the OR was 1.56 (95% CI 1.25-1.95) for a lowest lifelong BMI > or =23.7 kg/m(2). The OR was 0.74 (95% CI 0.60-0.93) for a lifelong increase of BMI > or =6.1 kg/m(2), compared to <1.6 kg/m(2). No association emerged for history of diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight was modestly, inversely related to BPH. The hypothesis of reduced testosterone levels in obese individuals may explain the different BPH risk and need to be tested.
Aged↗
Macronutrients, fatty acids, cholesterol and prostate cancer risk.
BACKGROUND: The role of selected macronutrients, fatty acids and cholesterol in the etiology of prostate cancer was analyzed using data from a case-control study carried out in five Italian areas between 1991 and 2002. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cases were 1294 men with incident, histologically confirmed prostate cancer, and admitted to the major teaching and general hospitals of study areas. Controls were 1451 men admitted for acute, non-neoplastic conditions to the same hospital network. Information on dietary habits was elicited using a validated food frequency questionnaire including 78 food groups and recipes. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for increasing levels of nutrient intake. RESULTS: A direct association with prostate cancer was found for starch intake (OR = 1.4 in the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake; 95% CI: 1.1-1.8), whereas an inverse association emerged for polyunsaturated fatty acids (OR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.6-1.0). Among polyunsaturated fatty acids, linolenic acid (OR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6-0.9) and linoleic acid (OR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.6-1.0) were inversely related to prostate cancer. When the six major macronutrients were included in the same model, the adverse effect of high intake of starch and monounsaturated fatty acids was statistically significant together with the protective effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results were consistent in separate strata of age, body mass index and family history of prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Starch and monounsaturated fatty acids were directly associated with prostate cancer risk and polyunsaturated fatty acids were inversely associated.
Aged↗
Prostate cancer and body size at different ages: an Italian multicentre case-control study.
We investigated the influence of anthropometric measures at diagnosis and at different ages on prostate cancer risk using an Italian multicentre case-control study conducted between 1991 and 2002 of 1294 histologically confirmed cases and 1451 controls admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute non-neoplastic conditions. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, lean body mass 1 year before diagnosis/interview were not significantly associated with risk. However, a positive association with high BMI at age 30 years was found (odds ratio=1.2 for BMI> or =24.7 vs <22.7) and: for less differentiated prostate cancer, with BMI 1 year before diagnosis/interview. This study supports possible relationships between high body mass in young adulthood, and a tendency to high weight throughout adult life, and the risk of prostate cancer.
Age Factors↗
Cholecystectomy and the risk of colorectal cancer in Italy.
In two case-control studies from Italy covering 3533 cases of colorectal cancer and 7062 hospital controls, the odds ratios were 1.04 after cholecystectomy for colorectal, 1.08 for colon and 1.03 for rectal cancers. The results did not differ significantly by gender, colon subsite or time since diagnosis.
Adult↗
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis human papillomavirus types and carcinoma of the conjunctiva: a pilot study.
A total of 21 squamous-cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (SCC) and 22 control subjects had conjunctival samples tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) types using PCR-based assays. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis HPV types were found in 86% of SCC cases and 36% of control subjects (Odds ratio=12.0), suggesting a role of HPVs in the aetiology of SCC.
Adolescent↗
Prevalence of papillomavirus infection in women in Ibadan, Nigeria: a population-based study.
To investigate the prevalence of and the risk factors for cervical infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) in an inner-city area of Ibadan, Nigeria, we interviewed and obtained a sample of cervical cells from 932 sexually active women aged 15 years or older. A total of 32 different HPV types were identified with an HPV prevalence of 26.3% overall and 24.8% among women without cervical lesions; or age-standardised to the world standard population of 28.3 and 27.3%, respectively. High-risk HPV types predominated, most notably HPV 16, 31, 35 and 58. In all, 33.5% of infections involved more than one HPV type. Unlike most populations studied so far, HPV prevalence was high not only among young women, but also in middle and old age. Single women (odds ratio, OR=2.1; 95% confidence interval, CI=1.1-3.9) and illiterate women (OR=1.7; 95%CI=1.1-2.5) showed increased HPV positivity. Associations were also found with anti-Herpes simplex-2 antibodies (OR=1.6; 95% CI: 1.1-2.1) and with the husband's extramarital relationships (OR=1.6: 95% CI: 1.0-2.6). High prevalence of HPV in all age groups may be a distinctive feature of populations where HPV transmission continues into middle age and cervical cancer incidence is very high.
Adolescent↗
Tobacco and cancer: recent epidemiological evidence.
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Global Health↗
Reproducibility and validity of coffee and tea consumption in Italy.
OBJECTIVE: The reproducibility and validity of coffee, decaffeinated coffee and tea intake has not been adequately studied, particularly in Italy, where coffee drinking is peculiar in terms of type and amount of coffee consumed. DESIGN: We compared coffee and tea consumption, measured by two interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), with average intake derived from two 7-day dietary (DD) records (the reference method) on 395 volunteers. The Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were used to assess both reproducibility and validity of information on coffee intake. RESULTS: A satisfactory level of reproducibility and validity of the pattern consumption was observed for coffee, decaffeinated coffee and tea. The reproducibility for both sex combined showed r of 0.74-0.78 for coffee, 0.57-0.65 for decaffeinated coffee and 0.61-0.67 for tea. The validity was about 0.70 for coffee, around 0.58 for decaffeinated coffee and 0.56-0.60 for tea intake. CONCLUSIONS: The FFQ is a satisfactorily reliable and valid instrument for collecting information on coffee, decaffeinated coffee and tea intake.
Adult↗
Contribution of three components to individual cancer risk predicting breast cancer risk in Italy.
We used data from a multicentre case-control study conducted in Italy between 1991 and 1994 on over 2500 cases of breast cancer and a comparable number of controls, and estimates of breast cancer incidence in Italy to compute individual breast cancer risk for Italian women. The estimated probabilities between age 50 and 80 ranged from approximately 5% (for a woman with no family history and low modifiable risk profile) to about 30% (for a woman with young family history and high modifiable risk) on the basis of various women's baseline characteristics. Expected numbers of breast cancer cases using the present model were compared with those based on the USA Gail model, and with the observed ones in the comparison group of the Italian Tamoxifen Trial. These show a closer agreement between the observed and the expected total numbers of breast cancers than the USA Gail model. Thus, the Gail model can be improved for use in other populations by using estimates of incidence and risk which are more appropriate to the target population.
Adult↗
Allergy and the risk of selected digestive and laryngeal neoplasms.
The relation between allergy and cancer has been investigated within an integrated series of case-control studies of digestive tract and laryngeal neoplasms conducted in Italy since the early 1990s. These included 598 patients with incident, histologically confirmed cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, 304 of the oesophagus, 1225 of the colon, 728 of the rectum, 460 of the larynx and 4999 controls, selected among patients admitted to the same network of hospitals as cases for acute, non-neoplastic diseases. Inverse associations with history of allergy were found for all cancer sites examined (odds ratio=0.44 for oral cavity and pharynx, 0.80 for oesophagus, 0.76 for colon, 0.54 for rectum and 0.33 for larynx). The associations were consistent in strata of age and sex, and when subjects with a first diagnosis of allergy 5 or more years before cancer diagnosis or hospital admission were considered. The present study therefore provides further evidence for a possible protective effect of prior history of allergy on cancer risk.
Adult↗
Hormone replacement therapy and risk of lymphomas and myelomas.
The relation between post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and lymphoid neoplasms was analysed using data from a case-control study conducted in northern Italy between 1983 and 1992. Cases included 26 incident, histologically confirmed, post-menopausal female patients of Hodgkin's Disease (HD), 145 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) and 65 multiple myelomas (MM), between 45 and 79 years of age. The control group comprised 361 women (age range 45-79 years) admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, non-neoplastic conditions. The multivariate odds ratio (OR) for ever HRT users was 0.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-2.8] for HD, 0.7 (95% CI 0.3-1.4) for NHL, and 0.2 (95% CI 0.1-1.0) for MM. No clear pattern of association was found for duration or recently of use. Despite the relatively small number of cases, due to the rarity of the disease, and the low frequency of HRT use in this population, these findings provide additional information for any global risk-benefit assessment of HRT use.
Age Distribution↗
Lifetime body mass index and risk of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer by smoking and drinking habits.
The influence of body mass index (BMI) on oral cancer risk was evaluated in 375 incident cases and 375 age-gender-matched hospital-based controls. Low BMIs at diagnosis and 2 years before diagnosis were associated with significantly elevated odds ratios (OR for BMI < or =22 vs >26 kg m(-2); 3.64; 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.27-5.82 and 3.31; 95% CI: 2.04-5.39, respectively). The association with low BMI, however, tended to be weaker and nonsignificant among never smokers and never drinkers.
Adult↗
Risk of cancer in persons with AIDS in Italy, 1985-1998.
A record linkage was carried out between the Italian Registry of AIDS and 19 Cancer Registries (CRs), which covered 23% of the Italian population, to estimate the overall cancer burden among persons with HIV or AIDS (PWHA) in Italy, according to various characteristics. Observed and expected numbers of cancer and standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were assessed until 1998 in 12 104 PWHA aged 15-69 years, for a total of 60 421 person-years. Significantly increased SIRs were observed for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS, 1749-fold higher than the general population), non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL, 352), and invasive cervical cancer (22). SIR was significantly elevated also for cancer of the anus (34), lung cancer (2.4), brain tumours (4.4), Hodgkin's disease (16), and leukaemias (5.3). The majority of lung and brain cancers were not histologically confirmed, and the possibility of misclassification with KS or NHL cannot be ruled out. The SIR for all non-AIDS-defining cancers was 2.2 in men and 2.5 in women. Intravenous drug users showed significantly more elevated SIRs for lung cancer (9.4), and brain tumours (6.7) than other transmission categories (SIR=1.4 and 2.3, respectively). This study confirmed increased SIRs for haemolymphopoietic neoplasms other than NHL in PWHA, although many-fold smaller than for NHL. An association with human papillomavirus-related cancers was also confirmed.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗