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Biomedical subjects

S Feldman

Publications and source records attributed to S Feldman.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Continuous negative chest-wall pressure. Successful use for severe respiratory distress in an adult.

Continuous negative pressure (CNP) around the chest-wall and lower parts of the body was used to treat progressively alveolar disease. Therapy with CNP produced a substantial increase in arterial oxygen tension that was sustained and permitted a decrease in oxygen requirements to 40% within 24 hours. There were concomitant decreases in intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt and respiratory frequency. During CNP therapy, no adverse effects on heart rate or blood pressure were detected.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Optic neuritis in relation to multiple sclerosis.

Available estimates of the frequency with which a patient with optic neuritis develops multiple sclerosis range from as low as 13% to as high as 87%. In an effort to obtain a better estimate, a nation-wide study of optic neuritis was carried out in Israel. Patients who fulfilled strict diagnostic criteria of optic neuritis were identified and examined periodically. Between 1955 and 1964, 105 patients were found and on the basis of these, the average annual age-adjusted incidence of optic neuritis in Israel was 0.56 per 10(5) population compared to 1.2 per 10(5) cases of multiple sclerosis per year, i.e. optic neuritis was about half as frequent as multiple sclerosis each year. As with multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis was more common in European immigrants to Israel than Afro-Asian immigrants. During a follow-up interval which ranged from 3.3 to 15.6 years (mean 9.5 years), at least 27 of the 105 patients developed multiple sclerosis (28%). A life-table analysis showed that after 10 years 32.3 +/- 5.6% of patients with optic neuritis would develop multiple sclerosis and, after 14 years, about half would develop multiple sclerosis. Risk of dissemination was highest in those who were youngest when optic neuritis developed. Neither sex nor ethnic background influenced risk significantly. Results of the present study support earlier work using life-table methods carried out in Hawaii which also showed that between 29 and 39% of patients with optic neuritis will develop multiple sclerosis within 10 years of onset. The life-table method is a better predictor of prognosis than newer laboratory techniques such as spinal fluid studies of IgG, kappa-lambda light chain ratios and serum/CSF IgG ratios.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Body temperature and adrenal function in heat-exposed hypothalamic disconnected rats.

The effects of hypothalamic disconnection on body temperature and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity following acute and repeated exposures to heat were studied. Intact male rats, or animals with complete posterior or anterior hypothalamic disconnection, were exposed to a temperature of 36 degrees C and a relative humidity of 35-45%. In the complete posterior and anterior hypothalamic disconnected rats the basal Tre was higher than that of the intact rats; the rise in Tre following heat exposure was lower in the operated rats than in the intact animals. All the experimental animals, except for those with anterior hypothalamic disconnection, showed a significant inhibition of corticosterone release on exposure to heat for 30 min, but no inhibition was observed in any of the disconnected rats when they were exposed to heat for 120 min. These results suggest that the main stimulus for ACTH release, during the first 30 min of heat exposure, is mediated by a neural input through the posteroir hypothalamus and this is followed by a nerural and/or humoral mechanism which enables the animals to increase their corticosterone secretion.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1976

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population study.

A country-wide study of the frequency of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was undertaken in Israel for the period 1960-1970. Israel was chosen for this study because of its excellent medical facilities and detailed demographic information. Moreover, the population includes representative groups from all parts of the world for comparison of frequency. A wide variety of motor system disease was screened in all hospitals, clinics, and chronic care facilities in the country, death certificates were reviewed and physicians with a neurological practice were contacted to derive a tentative list of cases. Only those who fit strict clinical diagnostic criteria or had autopsy confirmation were included in estimates of prevalence and incidence. On January 1, 1965, the mid-point of the study, 62 patients with ALS were living in Israel. The age-adjusted prevalence of ALS on that date was 3 per 100,000 population. The average annual age-adjusted incidence for the period 1960-1970 was 0.78 per 100000 population )0.86 in males, 0.46 in females; ratio 1.9:1). There was no appreciable change in trend of incidence over the study interval. Age-specific incidence rates were similar in native-born inhabitants of Israel, immigrants from Europe and immigrants from Afro-Asian countries. The range in age-adjusted incidence among subgroups of immigrants to Israel from various countries was 0.25 to 1.20 per 100000 population but small numbers precluded testing the statistical significance of these rather narrow differences. Mean age at onset was 55.4 years for males and 52.4 years for females. The mean age at death was 60.2 for males and 58.0 for females. The average annual mortality from ALS was 0.58 per 100000 population. There were no familial aggregates of ALS in Israel and autopsy data showed no neurofibrillary changes, granulovacuolar or inclusion bodies. There are only a few other population studies of ALS in different regions of the world. The average annual incidence in these other studies ranged from 0.4 to 1.4 per 100000 population. Thus, the incidence in Israel falls within this narrow range. The present study lends further support to the impression that ALS has a remarkably uniform geographic distribution with Guam and the Kii peninsula of Japan being the only known areas with significantly high rates. If an environmental factor contributes to the pathogenesis of ALS, the factor must also have a uniform geographic distribution.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Interaction of sodium alkyl sulfates with everted rat small intestinal membrane.

The effect of sodium alkyl sulfates (C6-C14) on the loss of protein from the everted rat small intestine was measured. At a surfactant concentration of 10 mM, a peak effect on protein release was noted with sodium decyl sulfate (C10). Measurement of proten release as a function of sidium lauryl sulfate (C12) concentration resulted in the observation that the effect appears to be due to the micellar phaseof the surfactant solution. At concentrations of C12 above the CMC, the loss of protein from the intestinal preparation increased as the concentration of surfactant was increased. There may be a maximum amount of protein that can be released from the everted rat small intestinal sacs by surface-active agents. At equivalent micellar concentrations of C8-C14 (12.5 times the CMC), there was no difference in the amount of protein released in the presence of the individual alkyl sulfate solutions. Other studies on salicylate transfer across the everted rat small intestine indicate that permeability changes occur with anionic and cationic surfactants but not with nonionics.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: an epidemiologic study in Israel.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a disease related to measles (rubeola) infection, was more common in Arabs and Sephardi Jews than in Ashkenazi Jews in Israel. There were no familial aggregates and it is unlikely that genetic differences account for this selectivity. Among several non-genetic factors which might explain the selectivity, family size emerged as a possible risk factor. Family size has not previously been suspected as influencing the risk of SSPE. Preponderance of SSPE in rural areas and among the poor would also be compatible with this idea as family size tends to be larger in rural and lower socioeconomic groups. In large families, there may be a greater change that older siblings will transmit measles to very young siblings. In small families, measles may be acquired from peers at about school age when risk of SSPE may be lower.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Myasthenia gravis in the elderly.

During a 15-year period in Jerusalem, myasthenia gravis was diagnosed in 15 patients aged 60 or older. At this age, diagnosis is difficult because of such possible associated conditions as cerebrovascular and cardiovascular arteriosclerotic diseases or bronchopulmonary disorders. The clinical course often is complicated by these associated conditions, and also by their treatment. Seven of the patients died within 4 years of the onset of their illness, but only 5 because of myasthenia gravis. This disease represents an important diagnostic and therapeutic problem in elderly patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Effects of dorsal fornix section and hippocampectomy on adrenocortical responses to sensory stimulation in the rat.

With the purpose of identifying the neural structures which are involved in the mediation of the adrenocortical responses to photic, acoustic and sciatic nerve stimulation, experiments were conducted on male rats with bilateral section of the dorsal fornix and dorsal or ventral hippocampectomies. The basal corticosterone levels in these animals were not significantly different from those in controls. Stimulation of the 3 sensory modalities produced normal adrenocortical responses in rats with fornix section. The hippocampectomies had no effect or only a marginal effect on the response to ether stress and to photic and acoustic stimulation; however, the adrenal response to sciatic stimulation was very significantly reduced. The data demonstrate the participation of the hippocampus in the transmission of somatosensory responses which promote adrenocortical activity. The efferent connections of the hippocampus to the hypothalamus which are involved in this mechanism are discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1976

Feedback effects of dexamethasone on adrenocortical responses in rats with fornix section.

To investigate the sites of the negative feedback of corticoids in the regulation of ACTH secretion, the effect of 10 mug of dexamethasone on adrenocortical responses to ether stress was studied in intact and fornix-sectioned rats. Dexamethasone pretreatment in both groups depressed significantly both the basal and stress plasma corticosterone levels. However, in rats with fornix section the amount of depression of the adrenocortical response was much smaller than in intact animals, when compared to the non-treated group. These data would inicate that extrahypothalamic regions play a role in the action of glucocorticoids in the feedback control of pituitary-adrenal function and that the hippocampus participates in this mechaism.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1976

Mental health under the umbrella.

In recent years many states, with the aim of integrating fragmented human services, have reorganized their human-service programs into comprehensive or umbrella agencies. The agencies vary widely in the number and kind of programs they include. Mental health staffs should not view these agencies as a threat, the author says, but as a chance to develop new linkages and allies and even new sources of funding. And the mental health field can exercise some leadership in the agencies' development because of its experiences in coordinating diverse and autonomous mental health services into comprehensive community mental health networks. The author lists some principles learned from that experience that are applicable to reorganizing all human services, including the need for common goals, written agreements, designated liaison staff, and a commitment to coordination.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1976

Inhibition and facilitation of feedback influences of dexamethasone on adrenocortical responses to ether stress in rats with hypothalamic deafferentations and brain lesions.

In order to elucidate the mechanisms and the sites of action of the negative feedback of corticoids in the regulation of ACTH secretion, the effects of systemically administered dexamethasone on adrenocortical responses to ether stress were studied in intact rats and in 11 experimental groups. These included animals with partial anterior, anterolateral, posterolateral, posterior and small posterior deafferentations as well as bilateral lesions in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis (FLD), medial and lateral midbrain reticular formation (MRF) and in the ventrolateral pons. In rats with posterior hypothalamic deafferentation the degree of the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone was much smaller than that in intact animals. In animals with lesions in the FLD and MRF, dexamethasone also produced a reduction in the suppression of the response, though the difference was not significant. Bilateral lesions in the MFB and MP have on the other hand very significantly enhanced the effect of the negative feedback of dexamethasone when compared to intact rats. These data would indicate that hypothalamic deafferentations and brain lesions may change the sensitivity of the hypothalamus for the feedback control of corticoids and that there exist two antagonistic systems, an inhibitory and a facilitatory, in the brain which mediate this effect.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1976

Postmortem delineation of infarcted myocardium. Coronary perfusion with nitro blue tetrazolium.

Perfusion of hearts with nitro blue tetrazolium resulted in gross formazan staining of intact myocardium, while infarcted zones and scars were unstained or were poorly stained. Subsequent perfusion with 3.7% formaldehyde solution provided a rigid specimen with well-preserved anatomical structures and landmarks suitable for detailed correlation of three-dimensional infarct distribution with clinical data. Specimens are particularly amenable to further gross dissection of mapping of lesions from interval slices, or both.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (PCP) is fatal in 90 to 100% of the cases if no treatment is given. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) was used at one of two dosage levels in the treatment of 20 children with PCP and cancer. Of 14 patients treated with 20 mg TMP--100 mg SMX/kgd, 12 recovered and 2 died. Treatment of the fatal cases and one of the patients who recovered was supplemented with pentamidine. When six patients were treated with 4 to 7 mg TMP--20 to 35 mg SMX/kgd, four recovered and two died. Both fatal cases and one of the patients who recovered were also treated with pentamidine. There was no significant adverse effects from TMP-SMX.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1975

Intensity of immunosuppressive therapy and the incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis.

One hundred and forty-nine children with acute lymphocytic leukemia treated according to a prospective protocol were randomized after induction of remission and central nervous system (CNS) irradiation to receive maintenance chemotherapy with 1, 2, 3, or 4 chemotherapy agents. The incidence of P. carinii pneumonitis (PCP) was 5.0, 2.3, 2.2, and 22.4%, respectively, during the period of maintenance therapy. An additional 31 patients enrolled in the same study were placed in special categories to receive three drugs for maintenance plus supplemental chemotherapy or irradiation because of CNS leukemia on admission, remission failure, ediastinal mass, or generalized lymphosarcoma without bone marrow involvement. The incidences of PCP in these groups were 16.7, 30.0, 35.7, and 0%, respectively, during the period of maintenance therapy.

Antineoplastic Agents↗