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Biomedical subjects

S Endo

Publications and source records attributed to S Endo.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Partial trisomy for short arm of chromosome 5.

We present two unrelated cases of partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 5, the first such cases reported in Japan. The features are characterized by hypertelorism, low set ears, arachnodactyly, laryngostenosis, hypotonia and some cerebral malformation. The characteristic facial expression and arachnodactyly are the key features used to diagnose this disorder. A high-resolution chromosome banding technique showed that the karyotype of the first patient was 46,XX,inv dup(5) (p13.1-->p15.3) de novo and that of the second patient was 46,XX,dir dup(5) (p13.3-->p15.2) de novo. The similar symptoms in the two cases, despite the difference in karyotypes, were caused by duplication of 5p including segment 5p13. This would be a key site for this disorder.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1993

Antibodies specific for alpha-subunit subtypes of GABAA receptors reveal brain regional heterogeneity.

Antisera were produced in rabbits against synthetic peptides based on subtype-specific regions of the cDNA sequences of the alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3, and alpha 4 (also termed alpha 5) subunits of mammalian GABAA receptors. The antigen peptides were chosen from the putative cytoplasmic loop between the proposed third and fourth membrane spanning helices; they were not only subtype-specific sequences, but also their hydrophilicity and predicted secondary structures suggested high potential antigenicity. In all cases, antipeptide antisera recognized on western blots the corresponding alpha-subunit polypeptide of the GABAA receptors purified from bovine brain by benzodiazepine-affinity chromatography, and were able to immunoprecipitate binding activity from detergent-solubilized purified receptors. The four antisera each recognized a unique polypeptide, and only one, in the purified receptor, with alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3, and alpha 4 identified at 51, 52, 56, and 57 kDa, respectively. This represents the first identification of the alpha 4 gene product on a gel. Both the relative amount of staining in immunoblots and the fraction of receptor binding that could be immunoprecipitated by saturating concentrations of each of the four subtype-specific antibodies varied in a consistent manner between receptors purified from different brain regions. Thus, cerebral cortex receptor contained all four alpha polypeptides on western blots, and significant activity could be precipitated by all four. Hippocampal receptor lacked alpha 3 immunoreactivity on blotting and by immunoprecipitation; alpha 1 was less, whereas both alpha 2 and alpha 4 were more abundant in hippocampus than in cortex by both techniques. Cerebellum receptor contained only alpha 1 of the four alpha subunits tested, and the anti-alpha 1 antibodies immunoprecipitated > 90% of the binding activity. The variable amounts of staining and immunoprecipitation from the three brain areas by the four antisera demonstrate the presence of heterooligomeric receptor complexes with different alpha-subunit constituents in cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. The sum of cortical receptor activity precipitated individually by the four anti-alpha antisera was > 150%, indicating that some heterooligomers are likely to contain more than one class of alpha subtype, although most receptor complexes probably contain only one alpha subtype. These alpha-subunit subtype-specific antibodies should be useful in analyzing structure, function, and localization of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptors in mammalian brain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

[Inhibitory effect of mouse antiendotoxin monoclonal antibody (E5) on hypotension induced by endotoxin and TNF-alpha].

Mouse anti-endotoxin monoclonal antibody (E5) is now under clinical trial (Phase II) in Japan by assessing clinical findings and plasma endotoxin levels. We attempted to evaluate an inhibitory effect of E5 on hypotension induced by endotoxin and TNF-alpha. Systolic blood pressure was measured with a programmable sphygmomanometer using the tail-cuff method. The mixture of endotoxin (E. coli O111:B4, Sigma, 2 micrograms/mouse) and recombinant mouse TNF-alpha (Genzyme, 8000 units) were injected into mice (ddY, 6-8-weeks-olds), and the change of blood pressure was observed for 3 hrs. The mixture significantly decreased the blood pressure to about 70% of the control. E5 (20 micrograms/mouse), which was injected 10 min before, significantly abrogated the effect of endotoxin and TNF-alpha. The hypotension induced by the mixture was definitely inhibited by the injection of E5 (50, 100 micrograms/mouse), injected 10 min later, or the injection of E5 (100 micrograms/mouse) 30 min later. We previously found that E5 prevents the lethality induced by a concomitant injection of endotoxin, TNF-alpha and IL-2. These results suggest that E5 effective for inhibition of endotoxin activity in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A pathological study of intracranial posterior circulation dissecting aneurysms with subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of three autopsied cases and review of the literature.

Three autopsied cases of dissecting aneurysms with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage of the intracranial posterior circulation are reported, and the literature is reviewed to investigate the pathological characteristics and pathogenesis of this lesion. The location and pathological features of the aneurysms were different in each of the cases presented. Subadventitial hemorrhage associated with the subarachnoid hemorrhage, multiple noncontiguous intramural hemorrhages, and new vessels in and around the arterial wall were noteworthy findings in our series. All 20 reported autopsied cases of the vertebrobasilar artery have a dissection between the media and adventitia with a rupture site in the thin adventitia. Seventeen of them had disruption of the entire arterial wall, but the remaining three cases had no apparent luminal connection. The clinicopathological features of this disease are various. On the basis of the pathological investigations of these reported cases, the pathogenesis of this lesion is discussed. Intramural hemorrhage associated with dissection without luminal connection should not be disregarded as a causative factor.

Aortic Dissection↗
PubMed1993

Microtubule nucleating activity of centrosomes in cell-free extracts from Xenopus eggs: involvement of phosphorylation and accumulation of pericentriolar material.

We have studied the regulation of microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome using cell-free extracts from Xenopus eggs. We found that the number of microtubules per centrosome increases dramatically with time during incubation of isolated centrosomes in interphasic egg extracts prepared 20-30 minutes after electric activation of cytostatic factor (CSF)-arrested eggs. The increase in microtubule nucleation was still conspicuous even when KCl-treated centrosomes (centrosomes stripped of their microtubule nucleating activity by 1 M KCl treatment) were incubated in interphasic extracts. Electron microscopy and immunostaining by anti-gamma-tubulin and 5051 human anti-centrosome antibodies revealed that pericentriolar material (PCM) was accumulated during the increase in microtubule nucleation from centrosomes in interphasic extracts, suggesting regulation of centrosomal activity by PCM accumulation. The ability of egg extracts to activate microtubule nucleation from centrosomes was also assumed to be regulated by phosphorylation, since addition of protein kinase inhibitors into interphasic extracts totally blocked the increase in microtubule nucleation from the KCl-treated centrosome. The ability of CSF-arrested mitotic extracts to increase microtubule nucleation from KCl-treated centrosomes was 3.5- to 5-fold higher than that of interphasic extracts, while PCM accumulation in mitotic extracts seemed to be similar to that in interphasic extracts. The increase in microtubule nucleation from KCl-treated centrosomes was strikingly enhanced by the addition of purified p34cdc2/cyclin B complex to interphasic extracts, but not by MAP kinase, which is activated downstream of p34cdc2/cyclin B. These results suggest two pathways activating centrosomal activity in egg extracts: accumulation of PCM and phosphorylation mediated by p34cdc2/cyclin B.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1993

Sequential changes in the platelet count in patients with symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

The platelet count in 110 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was analyzed retrospectively. Changes in the platelet count in 102 patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm surgery showed that the minimum platelet count was similar in patients with and without symptomatic vasospasm, but the minimum occurred later in symptomatic vasospasm patients, regardless of Hunt and Hess grade or operation timing. Sixty-five of 67 non-symptomatic vasospasm patients (97%) showed the minimum platelet count within 4 days of SAH and two (3%) on the 5th day. In contrast, only 10 of 35 symptomatic vasospasm patients (29%) showed a minimum platelet count within 4 days after SAH and 25 (71%) between the 5th and 11th days. Analysis of the eight patients not receiving surgery showed that the minimum platelet count occurred 2 days after SAH in two non-symptomatic vasospasm patients, but after the 5th day in five of six symptomatic vasospasm patients. Therefore, monitoring of the platelet count can provide an indicator of the occurrence of symptomatic vasospasm.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Ultrastructure of the chick vestibular ganglion and vestibular nucleus. A scanning electron microscopic study.

The fine structure of the chick vestibular ganglion and vestibular nucleus was studied in three dimensions using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). NaOH and OSO4 maceration methods were applied to observe the configuration in the mechanically torn specimens. Also, Tanaka's aldehyde prefix OSO4-DMSO-OSO4 method (A-O-D-O method) was applied to observe the intracellular structure in the fractured specimens. The surface of the ganglion cell and the nerve processes were seen to be covered with abundant thin fibrous tissues in the specimen treated with OSO4 maceration. This surface fibrous tissue was completely removed with the NaOH maceration method. As a result, the ganglion cell and nerve processes could be seen to be enveloped in the myelin sheath. In the fractured vestibular ganglion treated by the A-O-D-O method, there were three patterns of perikaryal myelination in the vestibular ganglion cells: heavily myelinated, lightly myelinated, and unmyelinated, respectively. In the perinuclear region of the vestibular ganglion cell, well developed and aggregated cytoplasmic organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and Golgi apparati were observed. In the perinuclear region of the Schwann cell relatively large mitochondria were characteristically observed. In the fractured view of the vestibular nerves, most of vestibular fibers were compactly myelinated. In the vestibular nucleus, the gathering of the neuronal cells were observed with the NaOH maceration method.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Development of the chick vestibular ganglion and its nerve terminating in the endorgan.

We investigated the morphological maturation of the vestibular ganglion and its dendrites terminating in the sacculus of the chick embryo. The cytoplasm of the ganglion cells had acquired a granular feature due to the abundance of ribosomal clusters and rER by the 13th day of incubation. The myelination of the dendrites occurred before that of the perikarya. Compact myelin of the dendrites was observed on the 13th day of incubation, while that of the perikarya was observed in the 20th day of incubation. Nerve endings of afferent and efferent character were observed first in the sacculus on the 13th day of incubation. Positive immunoreactvity of substance P was observed on the 13th day of incubation. It is suggested that the morphological basis of functional activity is present on or around the 13th day of incubation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

The otolithic organ in the developing chick embryo. Scanning electron microscopic study on the utricular macula.

The long and short axes of utricular maculae were measured to calculate growth curves using an ocular micrometer under stereomicroscope. The mean lengths of the long and short axes on the 6th incubation day were 0.06 mm and 0.05 mm, respectively. Thereafter: 1.00 mm and 0.74 mm on the 11th incubation day; 1.34 mm and 1.03 mm on the 15th incubation day; and on hatching 1.51 mm and 1.07 mm, respectively. The surface structure, particularly the otoconia and the sensory hairs of the utricular maculae, on the 4.5th incubation day to the 7th post-hatching day of White Leghorn chicks were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A number of microvilli and primary cilium on the inner surface of the otocyst were found between the 4.5th and the 5th incubation day. Immature sensory hairs appeared on the 5th incubation day. The polarity of the sensory hairs became evident on and after the 9th incubation day. Mature sensory hairs were seen all over the utricular maculae between the 1st and the 3rd post-hatching day. Mature sensory hairs were mainly seen near the striola, and immature ones peripherally. Then, the various forms in the maturation phase of sensory hairs were seen between the striola and the periphery. These arrangements suggest some process of maturity from the peripheral region to the central striola region. Immature otoconia were first seen on the 6th incubation day. Mature otoconia were recognized on and after the 11th incubation day, and they were observed on the whole surface of the utricular maculae. Global substances on the macula with a rough surface and spongy structure were observed suggesting otoconial precursors transforming themselves into otoconial crystals.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Platelet-activating factor and cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

This study examines whether platelet-activating factor (PAF) is involved in the occurrence of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A vasospasm model was produced in rabbits, with animals in six experimental groups receiving two subarachnoid injections of autologous arterial blood with the addition of one of the following; saline (Control Group 1), 25% dimethyl sulfoxide (Control Group 2), PAF (1, 2.5, 5, or 10 micrograms), CV6209 (10 or 100 micrograms), BN52021 (10 or 100 micrograms), or anti-PAF immunoglobulin G (IgG, 50 or 500 micrograms). No significant differences were detected between Control Groups 1 and 2 with regard to neurological deterioration and basilar artery constriction after SAH was induced. Administration of PAF together with autologous blood aggravated neurological deficits in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.724, p < 0.001) and produced basilar artery constriction at two doses each of 2.5 micrograms (p < 0.05), 5 micrograms (p < 0.01), and 10 micrograms (p < 0.01). Neurological deterioration was prevented in rabbits receiving an intracisternal administration of either PAF antagonist CV6209 or BN52021 or anti-PAF IgG (p < 0.01 at a total dose of 20 micrograms and p < 0.05 at a total dose of 200 micrograms CV6209, p < 0.01 at total doses of 20 and 200 micrograms BN52021, and p < 0.01 at total doses of 100 and 1000 micrograms anti-PAF IgG). A reduction in basilar artery constriction was achieved by the injection of anti-PAF IgG (p < 0.05 at total doses of 100 and 1000 micrograms). Histological examination at autopsy on Days 14 to 21 showed mainly ischemic changes in the brain, including selective neuronal necrosis and cerebral infarction. The control and PAF groups showed marked ischemic changes. On the other hand, no ischemic changes were noted in the anti-PAF IgG group, and only 9% of animals in the CV6209 group and 25% in the BN52021 group demonstrated selective neuronal necrosis or infarction. This study thus provides evidence to support the role of PAF in the pathogenesis of vasospasm after SAH.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Motility of isolated vestibular hair cells induced by potassium].

Many studies of the outer hair cells in cochlea have demonstrated active motility. However, very few studies have been done on vestibular hair cells. This study was designed to demonstrate the motile responses of isolated vestibular hair cells of the chick, induced by potassium promoting contraction. Reversible cell shape changes were observed in 4 of 6 type I hair cells and 3 of 5 type II hair cells by applying the contraction solution. The cell shape changes were revealed mainly in the cuticular plate and infracuticular region. It was suggested that contraction in the cuticular plate of the isolated hair cells might be converted into tension which increases the stiffness of the sensory hairs and restricts their motions, based on the results of the present study, and the structure of contractile proteins and hair behaviors reported by previous investigators.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Immunofluorescent localization of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in the rat.

An immunofluorescent staining method for detecting platelet-activating factor (PAF) is described. This method employs a polyclonal anti-PAF rabbit antibody. When rat brain, heart, lung, liver or kidney tissue was stained using this method, the heart, lung and kidney exhibited PAF-specific staining. Analysis of the amount of PAF in different organs, either by immunofluorescence or by bioassay, showed that kidney tissue contains the greatest amount of PAF.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The inhibitory actions of protease inhibitors on the production of polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase and interleukin 8.

The inhibitory actions of Ulinastatin, which is a protease inhibitor, on the production of polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase (PMN-elastase) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) in vascular endothelial cells were evaluated. Our findings suggest that IL-8 plays a role in the production of PMN-elastase. Ulinastatin inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and the production of IL-8 in vascular endothelial cells. Ulinastatin also inhibited the LPS-stimulated production of PMN-elastase in PMN.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1993

[Dilated lesion at internal carotid artery posterior communicating artery junction].

The diagnosis and surgical indication of an incidental aneurysm at the IC-PC junction is sometimes vague. In this report, 28 lesions in 26 cases with aneurysmal dilatation at the IC-PC junction, which were surgically treated, were analyzed. These lesions are classified according to the operative findings. Only 6 of the lesions were confirmed to be true aneurysms. However, 19 lesions were the dilated changes of the posterior communicating arteries (Pcom) themselves, without aneurysmal formation. Two lesions were accompanied with blood blister like aneurysm at the wall. Another one was dilated Pcom with peripheral Pcom occlusion. The correlation between operative findings and angiographic findings are studied, and the importance of the diagnostic angiographic findings of the Pcom is strongly emphasized for their diagnostic value.

Adult↗