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Biomedical subjects

S E Miller

Publications and source records attributed to S E Miller.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Viral infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

The following communication is a tripartite synopsis of the role of viral infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The first section describes the impact of viral opportunistic infection in AIDS; for each virus, clinical presentation and diagnosis, laboratory diagnostic approaches (with emphasis on electron microscopy), and therapeutic interventions attempted to date are discussed. The second segment explores current theories on the pathogenesis of AIDS, and describes diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to the syndrome itself. The final section catalogues ultrastructural anomalies in the cells of AIDS patients, many of which have been mistakenly identified as etiologic agents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Helminthic infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Strongyloides stercoralis, the only helminthic parasite that can complete its life cycle in the human host, is also the only helminthic parasite that has been reported with any frequency in AIDS patients. Symptoms include hives, skin eruptions, abdominal pain, perianal pruitis, diarrhea, and pneumonitis. Diagnosis is made by demonstrating rhabditiform larvae in the stool or female parasitic worms and eggs in the small intestinal mucosa; in disseminated cases, rhabditiform or filariform larvae can be found in liver, heart, lungs, thyroid, kidneys, adrenals, pancreas, lymph nodes, and central nervous system. Successful treatment has been achieved with thiabendazol. Strongyloidiasis is uncommon, but since cell-mediated immunity is important in combatting this organism, and since T-lymphocyte function is impaired in AIDS patients, strongyloidiasis should not be overlooked in the diagnosis of opportunistic illnesses in these individuals.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1984

Monoclonal antibodies against human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV) p24 internal core protein. Use as diagnostic probes and cellular localization of HTLV.

Four monoclonal antibodies, human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV) 6, 7, 8, and 9, which react with the 24,000 dalton internal core protein of HTLVI, have been developed. These monoclonal antibodies reacted with only HTLV-infected cells and not with a broad spectrum of normal, neoplastic, mitogen-stimulated, or virus-infected cells and tissues. HTLV 6, 7, 8, and 9 identified at least two different antigenic determinants on HTLV p24 that were also recognized by antibodies present in HTLV+ patient sera. Monoclonal antibodies HTLV 6, 7, 8, and 9 reacted in indirect immunofluorescence assays with HTLV p24 localized at the cell surface of 5-d cultures of HTLV-infected T cells and, as well, reacted with T cells infected with HTLVII, a new type of HTLV isolated from a patient (MO) with a T cell variant of hairy cell leukemia. Thus, HTLV 6, 7, 8, and 9 should prove to be useful diagnostic reagents in the identification of HTLV- and HTLVII-infected T cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Determination of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine in environmental samples.

N-Nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (ND2HPA) is a potent pancreatic carcinogen in hamsters and induces gastrointestinal and respiratory tract cancer in rats. The precursor amines, diisopropanolamine (Di-PA) and triisopropanolamine (Ti-PA), are used in some manufacturing processes and in cosmetic preparations. We have found low levels of ND2HPA in commercial Ti-PA (21-270 ng/g) and in Di-PA (20-1 300 ng/g) and have demonstrated that ND2HPA is formed from Ti-PA and nitrite in a yield comparable to that observed for formation of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) from triethanolamine under relatively mild conditions. After reaction for 4 h at 37 degrees C (10 mmol/L amine, 40 mmol/L nitrite, pH 3.0), the ND2HPA yield was 0.51%. The NDELA yield under the same conditions was 0.96%. ND2HPA was determined by gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis (GC-TEA) and GC-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-MS) selected ion monitoring of the tert-butyldimethylsilyl (t-BDMS) ether after extraction on a Celite 560 column. The t-BDMS ethers of ND2HPA and NDELA yielded intense, structurally significant peaks at m/z 333.2030 and 305.1716, respectively. The GC-MS procedure provides sensitivity and selectivity comparable to that of GC-TEA.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗
PubMed1983

Identification of human T cell leukemia virus in a Japanese patient with adult T cell leukemia and cutaneous lymphomatous vasculitis.

We have identified a Japanese patient with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) whose T cells in vitro produced the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV). This patient presented with lymphomatous arthritis and leukemia and subsequently developed skin lesions. Skin invasion by malignant T-cells was angiocentric and produced vessel wall destruction, resulting in necrotic cutaneous tumor nodules. Malignant T cells in peripheral blood, skin, and joint prior to culture in vitro did not express p19 HTLV-associated antigen. However, by electron microscopy, intracellular type C viral particles were seen in skin-infiltrating T cells. Peripheral blood malignant cells after 7 days in culture with T-cell growth factor-supplemented media expressed p19 antigen, and type C virus particles were seen by electron microscopy to be budding from malignant T lymphocytes. Mitomycin-C-treated peripheral-blood T cells induced the transformation of cord blood T cells into HTLV-infected p19+ T cells. The demonstration of HTLV in malignant T cells from our patient confirms the association of HTLV with Japanese adult T-cell leukemia. Moreover, HTLV may be associated with a vasculitis-arthritis syndrome.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1982

Management of acute civilian vascular injuries.

Vascular trauma continues to be an exciting and formidable challenge to surgeons. Increasing numbers of survivors of major vascular trauma such as suprarenal aortic and caval injuries are being reported in the literature. Successful repair of venous injuries rather than ligation is being achieved in significant numbers of cases. Combined team approaches utilizing new techniques of microvascular surgery and orthopedic fixation have dramatically improved the results of revascularization in extremity injuries and subsequent restoration of limb function.

Aorta, Abdominal↗
PubMed1980

A direct comparison of procedures for the detection of mycoplasma in tissue culture.

Mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures has been shown to perturb a number of immunologic parameters. Because such contamination is almost always introduced in the laboratory, the immunologist requires a procedure to screen his cell lines frequently for mycoplasma. Two procedures recently described for the detection of mycoplasma in cell cultures, the uridine-uracil incorporation procedure and a direct fluorescent assay, were compared with the standard procedures of agar culture and transmission electron microscopy. The results with uridine-uracil incorporation were totally non-concordant with those of any of the other 3 procedures and, moreover, were inconsistent through serial assays on the same cell culture. In contrast, the direct fluorescent assay, using the fluorochrome Hoechst 33258, yielded consistent results in full agreement with the agar culture data. Since the fluorescent assay is rapid and has discriminatory capability at least equivalent to that of agar culture, it would appear to be the method of choice for routine screening of cell cultures for mycoplasma.

Agar↗
PubMed1979

Aged-related physiological studies comparing Candida albicans chlamydospores to yeasts.

From electron-microscopical observations, a decreased metabolic activity in 3-day-old Candida albicans chlamydospores was suggested, and progressive deterioration in chlamydospores aged 2-8 months was shown. Oxygen utilization by chlamydospore-pseudomycelium (CSP) preparations was less than that by yeast, while 3-day-old CSP preparations used significantly less O2 than 24-h CSP preparations. Amino acid incorporation was greater in yeast than in CSP preparations. Leucine incorporation by 20-h yeasts was twice that of 5-day yeasts and 5 times that of 20-h and 5-day CSP. Amino acid decarboxylation was similar in yeasts and CSP and was determined by end-product analyses to be via amino acid oxidase. Light microscopy autoradiography of [14C]leucine incorporation demonstrated that the metabolic activity in CSP preparations was due to the young growing tips of the pseudomycelium and not to mature chlamydospores. Yeasts did not take up trypan blue could be stained if first autoclaved or treated with 10% acid or 10% base. Young chlamydospores grown in the presence of trypan blue developed unstained and became permeable to the dye at 2 1/2 days. These data suggest that chlamydospores of C. albicans do not function in the classical role attributed to spores; i.e., mature chlamydospores cannot germinate, but rather age, deteriorate, and die.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

Hemorrhage with pelvic fractures: efficacy of transcatheter embolization.

To determine the effectiveness of angiography in identifying bleeding sites and controlling the massive and often fatal hemorrhage accompanying pelvic fractures, the hospital course and outcome of 28 patients who underwent angiography after pelvic trauma were reviewed. In 20 patients, active bleeding was demonstrated. Transcatheter occlusions of bleeding arteries were performed in 18 of these, with angiographic ontrol of hemorrhage in 18 and clinical control in 17. Two patients with active bleeding were not embolized because of subsequent surgical intervention in one and technical angiographic difficulties in the other. Blood transfusion requirements averaged 32.1 units in the 48 hr or less before occlusion and 5.2 units during 48 hr after occlusion. Of the 18 patients who underwent arterial embolization, nine died, seven of associated injuries, one of extrapelvic hemorrhage, and one of hypotension. Nine patients survived to be discharged. These results confirm that transcatheter occlusion of bleeding vessels in the pelvis reduces hemorrhage and facilitates the management of patients with pelvic trauma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Role definition and confidentiality in the drug treatment process.

This national survey found that responses to confidentiality boundaries were determined by role definition. The extent to which confidentiality was viewed as a necessity depended upon the job that the individual held. Those individuals dealing with the drug abuser from an apprehension and corrections standpoint tended to see confidentiality in a limited sense, feeling that it pertained only to background material and medical records. Those in counseling positions saw confidentiality in much broader terms, in both its scope of protection and importance to the counseling situation.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1978

Measles virus nucleocapsids: large-scale purification and use in radioimmunoassays.

Nucleocapsids in quantities approaching 1 mg were purified from 109 measles virus-infected cells. They contained one polypeptide species with a molecular weight of 59,000. Antiserum was raised in rabbits against purified nucleocapsids and used in a competitive radioimmunoassay. Because of their instability, purified nucleocapsids were not suitable for use in such an assay. Instead partially purified nucleocapsids from HEp-2 cells persistently infected with measles virus and labeled in vitro with [35S]methionine were used as the source of radioactive antigen. The radioimmunoassay thus developed measured less than 5 ng of nucleocapsids in infected cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Antigenic, chemical, and structural properties of cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form chemotypes 1 and 2 after serial enzymatic hydrolysis.

Cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form chemotypes 1 (chem 1) and 2 (chem 2) treated sequentially with several polysaccharolytic enzymes and Pronase yielded soluble, nondialyzable polysaccharides at each step, which were analyzed for monosaccharides, protein composition, and serological activity. Polysaccharide recovered after digestion of chem 1 walls with beta(1-->3)-glucanase contained glucose > mannose > glucosamine > galactose. This fraction (chem 1 betaG(1)) was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and contained a component having an apparent molecular weight of 120,000. The chem 1 betaG(1) fraction was reactive in immunodiffusion (ID), producing an immune precipitate not identical to the H and M factors of histoplasmin. In a side-by-side ID comparison with extracts of chem 2, the chem 1 betaG(1) antigen contained an additional determinant not found in chem 2 extracts when tested with goat antiserum to H. capsulatum. Therefore, the chem 1 antigen gave preliminary ID evidence of antigenic group specificity. A chemical difference observed was the absence of glucosamine from chem 2 polysaccharide. In complement fixation (CF) tests, 9 of 17 sera from human histoplasmosis patients reacted with chem 1 betaG(1), but some cross-reactivity with sera of patients with other systemic mycoses occurred. The immunoelectrophoretic patterns of chem 1 wall-derived polysaccharides showed a marked shift in mobility after Pronase digestion, implying the presence of covalent peptides. The ultrastructural appearance and serological activity of intact walls and enzyme-resistant mural cores were also studied. The surface of the mural cores of both chemotypes was perforated and frayed. In shadow-cast preparations both fibrillar and globular areas persisted in the mural cores. The CF end point serum dilutions showed an increase after alpha- and beta-glucanase extractions of chem 2 walls and fourfold reduction after Pronase digestion. The mural cores of both chemotypes were still reactive in CF tests and retained some ability to bind fluorescent antibody. The chem 1 mural core reacted with specific fluorescein-labeled H. capsulatum antiglobulins produced by adsorption with Blastomyces dermatitidis, thus indicating at least partial retention of H. capsulatum-specific factors. The presence of galactose, mannose, and glucose was detected in the mural cores as well as enriched levels of amino sugar, despite exposure to chitinase.

Antigens, Fungal↗