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Biomedical subjects

S D Lang

Publications and source records attributed to S D Lang.

52 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Azthreonam: in vitro activity against urinary pathogens.

The in vitro activity of azthreonam, a novel monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic, was investigated for Gram negative urinary pathogens by determining the susceptibilities of 105 consecutive isolates from specimens submitted to the Auckland Hospital microbiology laboratory. All were sensitive or of intermediate sensitivity by disc diffusion testing. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 0.25 mg/l for 97 per cent of Enterobacteriaceae and ranged from 2-16 mg/l for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of antibiotics tested routinely in this laboratory only tobramycin showed comparable potency.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Augmentin treatment of bacterial infections in hospitalised patients.

Twenty-five hospitalised patients were evaluated after treatment with oral augmentin (amoxycillin and clavulanic acid). Ten of 14 with respiratory tract, four of eight with urinary tract and five of five with miscellaneous infections (two with osteomyelitis, two typhoid carriers and one with typhoid fever) were cured. Three of four infections caused by amoxycillin resistant bacteria were cured. The drug was well tolerated even at relatively high clavulanic acid doses up to 1.0 g/day. Augmentin is a potentially useful antibiotic combination.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Anomalous effect of serum on the antimicrobial activity of cefoperazone.

This study investigated the effect of added serum on cefoperazone activity in vitro. Due to protein-binding, an 8-fold difference would be expected between minimum inhibitory concentrations in broth and in broth plus 90% serum. Using supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth (sMH) and sMH plus 90% heat-inactivated human serum there were differences of 3.36 +/- 0.92 for Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC1 25923, 1.39 +/- 0.47 for Escherichia coli strain ATCC 25922 and 1.43 +/- 0.39 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ATCC 27853. Serum-related modal increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefoperazone for clinical isolates were 4-fold versus Staphylococcus aureus (5 strains), Klebsiella species (5 strains) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8 strains), and 2-fold versus Escherichia coli (4 strains). On the addition of serum to 2 strains of Serratia marcescens, divergent effects were seen. Minimum lethal concentrations of cefoperazone were generally identical to, or a low multiple of, corresponding minimum inhibitory concentrations. Variables other than protein binding may account for the anomalous activity of antibiotics against organisms in serum. These factors favour the activity of cefoperazone against several clinically important species.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1981

Cefoperazone in Klebsiella meningitis: a case report.

A 51-year-old man with meningitis due to Klebsiella pneumoniae was treated with cefoperazone 6 to 8 g/day intravenously and was cured. Simultaneous blood and cerebrospinal fluid levels were measured. Trough levels of cefoperazone in cerebrospinal fluid were 9 and 12 mg/L. Cefoperazone should be considered for meningitis due to susceptible organisms resistant to customarily used antibacterial drugs.

Cefoperazone↗
PubMed1981

Influence of agglutinating antibody in experimental cryptococcal meningitis.

A model for chronic Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in corticosteroid-treated rabbits was used to determine the influence of pre-formed agglutinating antibody to cryptococcal polysaccharide on the progress of this infection. Immunized rabbits developed serum agglutinating antibody with a geometric mean titre of 1:32, but none was detected in cerebrospinal fluid. Prior immunization did not enhance immunity to infection, had no effect on the number of viable cryptococci in cerebrospinal fluid, and did not prevent dissemination outside the central nervous system. Future investigations in this field should focus on cellular rather than humoral defence mechanisms.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1980

Comparison of cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol in treatment of experimental Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis.

To evaluate cotrimoxazole in the treatment of bacterial meningitis, we compared its action with that of ampicillin and chloramphenicol in experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. Both trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole penetrated well into the cerebrospinal fluid of infected rabbits, reaching 40 and 26%, respectively, of their simultaneous serum levels. Levels measured 30 and 60 min after intravenous injection exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration of this combination for H. influenzae by 10- to 100-fold. The mean ratio of trimethoprim to sulfamethoxazole in cerebrospinal fluid was 1:22. Cotrimoxazole was as effective as ampicillin in therapy of beta-lactamase-negative H. influenzae meningitis and as effective as chloramphenicol for a beta-lactamase positive strain. These findings corroborate favorable preliminary clinical experience reported by others and indicate that cotrimoxazole deserves further study in the therapy of bacterial meningitis.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1980

Comparison of cefoperazone, cefotaxime, and moxalactam (LY127935) against aerobic gram-negative bacilli.

This study compares the minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefoperazone, cefotaxime, and moxalactam (LY127935) for 446 aerobic gram-negative bacillary isolates and further compares the minimum inhibitory concentrations of LY127935 and these third-generation cephalosporins with those of thienamycin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Each antibiotic at low concentrations inhibited nearly all Enterobacteriaceae tested. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for P. aeruginosa were higher, but for a majority of strains they fell below achievable serum levels. Thienamycin and cefoperazone showed significantly greater antipseudomonal activity than did cefotaxime or LY127935. Cefoxitin-inducible resistance to LY127935 and the two cephalosporins was demonstrated among Enterobacter species but did not occur with thienamycin.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1980

Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits.

This paper describes the salient features of a new model for chronic cryptococcal meningitis in cortisone-treated rabbits. Normal rabbits soon recovered after intracisternal inoculation of Cryptococcus neoformans, but cortisone-treated animals developed chronic progressive meningitis that was fatal in 2-12 weeks. Incidence and severity of infection was related to cortisone dose, not to inoculum size. The number of mononuclear cells that migrated into the subarachnoid spaces and cerebrospinal fluid of infected rabbits was strikingly reduced by cortisone treatment. Rabbits with cryptococcal meningitis were febrile; their high body temperature did not confer resistance to this infection. Cortisone-treated rabbits provide a new and expedient laboratory model for cryptococcal disease. Potential applications include study of the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis, investigation of the immunobiology of the CNS in chronic meningitis, and in vivo evaluation of newer anticryptococcal treatment regimens.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Bacterial meningitis in children.

Cases of bacterial, non-tuberculous meningitis among Auckland children aged one month to 13 years were reviewed for the five year period September 1971 to September 1976. The aetiological agent was established in 203 of 227 cases. Haemophilus influenzae was the most frequent cause and together with Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for all sequelae S. pneumoniae was responsible for most fatal cases. It is an unusually common cause of meningitis in Auckland, particularly in children under a year of age. Polynesians contracted bacterial meningitis almost four times as often as Europeans. For a Polynesian child the risk of death due to bacterial meningitis was 12 times that of European.

Adolescent↗