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S D Glick

Publications and source records attributed to S D Glick.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Hyperactivity and altered amphetamine sensitivity in premature juvenile rats.

'Premature' rats that were delivered by cesarean section on day 21 of gestation and 'normal' rats that were delivered spontaneously on day 22 of gestation were tested for basal locomotor activity and locomotor stimulation in response to D-amphetamine at 19-21 days of age. Compared to normal rats, premature rats had increased basal levels of locomotor activity and showed enhanced sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of D-amphetamine. Cesarean-delivered premature rats may be a useful animal model for investigating mechanisms of neurobehavioral deficits associated with premature birth in humans.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1992

Differential effects of ibogaine pretreatment on brain levels of morphine and (+)-amphetamine.

Previous studies in rats have shown that ibogaine inhibits neurochemical and behavioral effects of morphine yet potentiates similar effects of (+)-amphetamine. To assess whether these different functional interactions have a metabolic basis, brain levels of morphine and (+)-amphetamine were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after ibogaine pretreatment (19 h before injection of morphine or (+)-amphetamine). Ibogaine pretreatment had no effect on brain morphine levels, either at 30 min or 2 h after morphine injection; however, ibogaine significantly increased brain amphetamine levels at 30 min and, to a greater extent, at 2 h after (+)-amphetamine injection. These and other data suggest that ibogaine irreversibly inhibits an amphetamine-metabolizing enzyme. The functional interactions between ibogaine and (+)-amphetamine, but not those between ibogaine and morphine, may result from a hepatic drug-drug interaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Asymmetric elevation of striatal dopamine D2 receptors in the chakragati mouse: neurobehavioral dysfunction in a transgenic insertional mutant.

We have previously reported the discovery of a transgenic insertional mutant, recently named the chakragati (ckr) mouse, which displays lateralized circling, locomotor hyperactivity, hyperreactivity, as well as body weight deficits. Since lateralized dopamine function is associated with circling behavior we sought to determine whether dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptors were asymmetrically distributed in the striata of adolescent and adult ckr mice using receptor autoradiography. Stereotypic and rotational responses to quinpirole served as behavioral indices of D2 receptor function. The ckr mice showed hemispherically asymmetric elevations in DA D2 receptors in the lateral subregions of the striatum whereas medial regions of the striatum were symmetrically and bilaterally elevated (overall elevation = 30%). As a group, ckr mice had higher D2 receptor levels on the side which was contralateral to the preferred direction of spontaneous nocturnal rotation. Striatal D1 receptors and mesolimbic D2 and D1 receptors of ckr mice were neither elevated nor differentially asymmetric. Young adult ckr mice showed dose-dependent increases in net rotations in response to quinpirole whereas normal mice showed no change from baseline levels. Both groups showed similar stereotypic responses. Older adult ckr mice, however, showed dose-dependent reductions in rotation after quinpirole whereas normal mice turned at baseline levels. Older ckr mice also displayed significantly greater stereotyped sniffing behavior. This unique mutant provides a novel genetic model of basal ganglia dysfunction, and may be useful in studying aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with dopaminergic abnormalities.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Interactions of ibogaine and D-amphetamine: in vivo microdialysis and motor behavior in rats.

Ibogaine, an indolalkylamine, has been proposed for use in treating stimulant addiction. In the present study we sought to determine if ibogaine had any effects on the neurochemical and motor changes induced by D-amphetamine that would substantiate the anti-addictive claim. Ibogaine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) injected 19 h prior to a D-amphetamine challenge (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) potentiated the expected rise in extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum and in the nucleus accumbens, as measured by microdialysis in freely moving rats. Using photocell activity cages, the same ibogaine pretreatment enhanced the stimulatory motor effects induced by a wide range of D-amphetamine doses (0.625, 1.25, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg, i.p.). These findings suggest that ibogaine might increase the reinforcing efficacy of D-amphetamine. However, since high doses of D-amphetamine can be aversive, the potentiation of D-amphetamine's effects by ibogaine might also lead to a decrease in the reinforcing efficacy of D-amphetamine.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Neurochemical predisposition to self-administer morphine in rats.

Using in vivo microdialysis, this study attempted to determine whether a neurochemical predisposition to self-administer morphine could be identified. Extracellular levels of dopamine and its metabolites were measured bilaterally in the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal systems of naive rats that were subsequently trained to self-administer morphine intravenously. There were several significant relationships between dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels and rates of morphine self-administration during both acquisition and asymptotic phases of testing. DOPAC and HVA levels in the striatum were inversely correlated with self-administration rates during the asymptotic phase whereas hemispheric asymmetries in striatal metabolite levels were inversely correlated with self-administration during the acquisition phase. DOPAC and HVA levels in in the right but not in the left side of the medial prefrontal cortex were positively correlated with self-administration rates during the acquisition phase; right/left asymmetries in cortical metabolite levels were also correlated with acquisition rates. There were no significant relationships between neurochemical indices and rates of bar-pressing for water. These results suggest that the normal variability in drug seeking behavior is at least in part attributable to individual differences in the organization and activity of brain dopamine systems. Furthermore, different mechanisms appear to be responsible for the initiation and maintenance of morphine intake: DA release in the nucleus accumbens appears to be a critical component of both mechanisms; DA release in the striatum appears to modulate maintenance and, in relationship to striatal lateralization, modulate initiation; DA release in the right but not in the left medial prefrontal cortex appears to be an important predictor of initiation.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1992

Acute and prolonged effects of ibogaine on brain dopamine metabolism and morphine-induced locomotor activity in rats.

Ibogaine, an indolalkylamine, proposed for use in treating opiate and stimulant addiction, has been shown to modulate the dopaminergic system acutely and one day later. In the present study we sought to systematically determine the effects of ibogaine on the levels of dopamine (DA) and the dopamine metabolites 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in tissue at several time points, between 1 h and 1 month post-injection. One hour after ibogaine-administration (40 mg/kg i.p.) a 50% decrease in DA along with a 37-100% increase in HVA were observed in all 3 brain regions studied: striatum, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Nineteen hours after ibogaine-administration a decrease in DOPAC was seen in the nucleus accumbens and in the striatum. A week after administration of ibogaine striatal DOPAC levels were still reduced. A month after ibogaine injection there were no significant neurochemical changes in any region. We also investigated the effects of ibogaine pretreatment on morphine-induced locomotor activity, which is thought to depend on DA release. Using photocell activity cages we found that ibogaine pretreatment decreased the stimulatory motor effects induced by a wide range of morphine doses (0.5-20 mg/kg, i.p.) administered 19 h later; a similar effect was observed when morphine (5 mg/kg) was administered a week after ibogaine pretreatment. No significant changes in morphine-induced locomotion were seen a month after ibogaine pretreatment. The present findings indicate that ibogaine produces both acute and delayed effects on the tissue content of DA and its metabolites, and these changes coincide with a sustained depression of morphine-induced locomotor activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Interactions between ibogaine and cocaine in rats: in vivo microdialysis and motor behavior.

To investigate a possible basis for the proposed anti-addictive property of ibogaine, the effects of an ibogaine (40 mg/kg i.p.) pretreatment on in vivo neurochemical and motor effects induced by cocaine (20 mg/kg i.p.) were studied. Ibogaine, administered 19 h earlier, potentiated the increase in extracellular dopamine levels in striatum and nucleus accumbens as well as the stimulated motor activity induced by cocaine. Although high doses of cocaine can become aversive by producing an anxiogenic reaction, it is unknown whether the potentiation of cocaine's effects by ibogaine would also cause aversion and lead to a decrease in cocaine addiction.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Mechanisms of action of ibogaine and harmaline congeners based on radioligand binding studies.

Assays using radioligands were used to assess the actions of ibogaine and harmaline on various receptor types. Ibogaine congeners showed affinity for opiate receptors whereas harmaline and harmine did not. The Ki for coronaridine was 2.0 microM at mu-opiate receptors. The Kis for coronaridine and tabernanthine at the delta-opiate receptors were 8.1 and 3.1 microM, respectively. Ibogaine, ibogamine, coronaridine and tabernanthine had Ki values of 2.08, 2.6, 4.3 and 0.15 microM, respectively, for kappa-opiate receptors. Long-lasting, dose-dependent behavioral effects of ibogaine have been reported. The possibility that these effects were due to irreversible binding properties of ibogaine at kappa-receptors was considered; however, radioligand wash experiments showed a rapid recovery of radioligand binding after one wash. A voltage-dependent sodium channel radioligand demonstrated Ki values in the microM range for all drugs tested. Using radioligand binding assays and/or 36Cl- uptake studies, no interaction of ibogaine or harmaline with the GABA receptor-ionophore was found. The kappa-activity of ibogaine (or an active metabolite) may be responsible for its putative anti-addictive properties whereas the tremorigenic properties of ibogaine and harmaline may be due to their effects on sodium channels.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Within-subject sensitization of striatal dopamine release after a single injection of cocaine: an in vivo microdialysis study.

Repeated microdialysis measurements, conducted 1 week apart at the same tissue site, were used to investigate the changes in basal and cocaine-stimulated extracellular dopamine (DA) levels after a single prior exposure to either saline or cocaine. Dialysis probes were placed into rats previously implanted with guide cannulas and basal levels of dopamine (DA), and its metabolites (DOPAC and HVA) were estimated in 20-min fractions of the dialysate. Basal levels in the extracellular fluid (ECF), estimated from pre-implantation calibration of the probes, were 7.9 +/- 0.7 nM DA, 4.9 +/- 0.8 microM DOPAC, and 3.6 +/- 0.6 microM HVA. After a stable baseline was obtained saline (1 ml/kg, i.p.) or cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected. Saline produced no significant changes in any of the neurochemical markers. A cocaine injection produced a sixfold increase in DA, while DOPAC and HVA were unchanged. One week later the same procedure was repeated except this time both groups received cocaine. In rats that had received cocaine 1 week earlier, basal DA levels in the ECF were doubled, whereas they were unchanged in rats that received saline a week earlier. Furthermore, the dopamine release in response to acute cocaine during the second week was elevated in animals which had been previously exposed to cocaine. Rotation was also measured during both weeks and, while a tendency toward behavioral sensitization was observed, it did not reach significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1992

Effects of ibogaine on acute signs of morphine withdrawal in rats: independence from tremor.

Because of the claim that ibogaine suppresses the symptoms of "narcotic withdrawal" in humans, the effect of ibogaine on naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats was assessed. Morphine was administered subcutaneously through implanted silicone reservoirs for 5 days. Ibogaine (20, 40 or 80 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline was administered 30 min prior to challenge with naltrexone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and withdrawal signs were counted for the following 2 hr. Ibogaine (40 and 80 mg/kg) significantly reduced the occurrence of four signs (wet-dog shakes, grooming, teeth chattering and diarrhea) during naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal; three other signs (weight loss, burying and flinching) were unaffected. Ibogaine induces head and body tremors lasting for 2-3 hr and the tremors might have interfered with the expression of opioid withdrawal. To examine this issue, another experiment was conducted in which ibogaine (40 mg/kg) or saline was administered 4 hr prior to challenge with naltrexone. Although there was a complete absence of tremors, ibogaine still significantly reduced the occurrence of the same four signs of withdrawal.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Preferential alcoholic embryopathy: effects of liquid diets.

Our initial report of a preferential expression of experimental alcoholic embryopathy affecting the male offspring contiguous in utero to male siblings of Long-Evans rats was based on gavage administration of alcohol to pregnant rats without regard to isocaloric, pair-fed exposure paradigms. In this study, pregnant Long-Evans rats were given 35% ethanol-derived calories (EDC) in one of two different liquid diets: 1) a liquid alcohol diet based on Sustacal, a flavored liquid food formulated for human nutritional standards; and 2) a high-protein liquid rodent diet devised by Lieber and DeCarli (L&D). The diets were administered from day 6 to 15 of gestation. Pregnant rats were pair-fed liquid diets containing 0% EDC, but isocalorically balanced to 35% EDC with either sucrose (Sustacal) or maltose-dextrin (L&D). A fifth group of pregnant rats was given access ad libitum to standard certified laboratory rodent diet and served as free-fed controls. On day 20 of gestation, all pregnant rats were euthanized and the products of conception examined by standard teratologic techniques. Pregnant animals fed Sustacal-based diets consistently consumed fewer calories per kilogram body weight per day from day 6 to 15 of gestation (i.e., they were significantly calorie-deprived during pregnancy) as compared with the standard laboratory-diet-fed controls or those consuming L&D diets. Body weights of rats consuming Sustacal diets (both 0 and 35% EDC) were significantly lower throughout gestation when compared with all other groups. Higher (> 150 mg/dl) blood alcohol levels were attained by rats consuming 35% EDC in Sustacal diet as compared with L&D (100 mg/dl) diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Interactions between ibogaine, a potential anti-addictive agent, and morphine: an in vivo microdialysis study.

Ibogaine, an indolalkylamine, has been claimed to be effective in abolishing drug craving in heroin and cocaine addicts. The present study used in vivo microdialysis to determine the effects of ibogaine on extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites and the effects of ibogaine pretreatment on morphine stimulation of brain DA systems. Acutely, ibogaine (40 mg/kg i.p.) decreased extracellular DA levels in the striatum, increased them in the prefrontal cortex and had no significant effects in the nucleus accumbens. Nineteen hours after ibogaine injection. DA levels were still decreased in the striatum and the metabolite levels were lower in all three regions. When injected 19 h prior to a morphine challenge (5 mg/kg i.p.), ibogaine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) prevented the rise in DA levels in all three regions normally observed after a morphine injection. A high dose of morphine (30 mg/kg i.p.), administered alone, produced no increase in extracellular DA levels; it is therefore unclear whether ibogaine antagonized or potentiated the effects of the lower dose of morphine. Regardless of the nature of this interaction, it appears that ibogaine affects brain DA systems for a period of time that exceeds its elimination from the body and, during this time, alters the responses of these systems to morphine.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1991

Side and region dependent changes in dopamine activation with various durations of restraint stress.

Exposure to various mild stressors has been shown to result in the activation of dopamine containing neuronal systems projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), to a lesser extent the nucleus accumbens septi/olfactory tubercle (NAS) and, in a few studies, the striatum. It has also been shown that dopamine (DA) systems on different sides of the PFC are successively activated as stressors are prolonged. We have therefore examined the effects of variation in the duration of a restraint stressor (15, 30 and 60 min) on region and side dependent alterations in DA utilization in the PFC, NAS and striatum. Increases in the concentrations of the DA metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and/or homovanillic acid (HVA) or in their ratios with DA were seen in all regions examined with the largest effects occurring in the PFC and lesser effects in the NAS and striatum. In each region, the magnitude of these effects varied with time of restraint exposure. In the PFC, lateralized alterations in HVA and DA were seen over time with effects progressing from a left greater than right involvement at 15 min to a right greater than left involvement at 60 min. These results are discussed with reference to side and region dependent effects on brain DA systems as stressors are prolonged and the implications they may have for lateralized regional brain activity associated with stressor precipitated psychiatric disease.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1991

Brain laterality as a determinant of susceptibility to depression in an animal model.

Rats exposed to stressors that cannot be controlled may develop a deficit in their ability to subsequently learn to control a new stressor. This phenomenon is known as 'learned helplessness' and is a well-accepted animal model of depression. Evidence is presented showing that rats having different directional biases of brain laterality, as indicated in tests of rotational behavior, differ greatly in their response to stressors and to the lack of stressor control. Differences in brain laterality appear to be an important source of variability within the animal model of depression. As with humans, only some rats are vulnerable to depression-like symptoms. These findings are relevant to biological theories of depression that are based upon lateralized specialization of the human brain for affect.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1991

Effects and aftereffects of ibogaine on morphine self-administration in rats.

Ibogaine, a naturally occurring alkaloid, has been claimed to be effective in treating addition to opiate and stimulant drugs. As a preclinical test of this claim, the present study sought to determine if ibogaine would reduce the intravenous self-administration of morphine in rats. Ibogaine dose dependently (2.5-80 mg/kg) decreased morphine intake in the hour after ibogaine treatment (acute effect) and, to a lesser extent, a day later (aftereffect); while the acute effect could be attributed to abnormal motor behavior (whole body tremors), the aftereffect occurred at a time when ibogaine should have been entirely eliminated from the body and when there was no obvious indication of ibogaine exposure. In some rats, there was a persistent decrease in morphine intake for several days or weeks after a single injection of ibogaine; other rats began to show such persistent changes only after two or three weekly injections whereas a few rats were apparently resistant to prolonged aftereffects. Aftereffects could not be attributed to a conditioned aversion. Although ibogaine also depressed responding acutely in rats trained to bar-press for water, there was no evidence of any aftereffect a day or more later; the interaction between ibogaine and morphine reinforcement was therefore somewhat specific. Further studies are needed to characterize the nature of the ibogaine-morphine interaction as well as to determine if ibogaine also affects the self-administration of other drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Acute administration of diazepam and buspirone in rats trained on conflict schedules having different degrees of predictability.

The anti-conflict activities of diazepam and buspirone were examined on three schedules designed to condition the suppression of licking. The schedules differed in the degree to which they predicted (signalled) the presentation of a conflict inducing electric shock. The first study investigated the effects of three doses of diazepam (0.5, 2, and 5 mg/kg IP) on a predictable, a moderately predictable, and an unpredictable schedule of shock presentation. Diazepam induced a significant increase from baseline in licking during the shock component on all three schedules. These anticonflict effects were the most consistent on the predictable schedule, and least consistent on the unpredictable schedule. A second experiment investigated the anticonflict activity of three doses of buspirone (0.125, 0.25, and 0.625 mg/kg SC) on each of these three schedules. The predictable and moderately predictable schedules failed to detect anticonflict activity at any dose of buspirone. However, the lowest dose (0.125 mg/kg) of buspirone increased shocked licking and the highest dose (0.625 mg/kg) decreased shock component licking on the unpredictable schedule. Thus the unpredictable schedule was sensitive to both anticonflict (anxiolytic) and proconflict (anxiogenic) effects of buspirone.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effects of acute administration of gepirone in rats trained on conflict schedules having different degrees of predictability.

The anticonflict activity of gepirone, a putative anxiolytic and antidepressant, was examined on three schedules which conditioned the suppression of licking. The novel schedules differed in the degree to which they predicted (signalled) the presentation of a conflict-inducing electric shock. Three doses of gepirone (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg SC) were evaluated on a predictable, a moderately predictable, and an unpredictable schedule of shock presentation. Gepirone induced a nondose-dependent increase from baseline in punished licking on the predictable schedule on the last two days of a five-day test period. The lowest dose (1.25 mg/kg) of gepirone induced a significant increase in punished licking on the moderately predictable schedule on the last two days of testing. The highest dose (5 mg/kg) induced initial decreases in overall responding on this schedule. However, responding returned to baseline over the course of the four days of testing. When administered to rats trained on an unpredictable schedule of shock presentation, all doses of gepirone induced an initial decrease from baseline. The lowest dose group returned to baseline control response levels over the next four days, whereas the suppressive effects of the higher doses persisted. The initial decrease in responding observed on all schedules may be due to the effects of gepirone on motor functioning. However, the 2.5-mg/kg dose induced a proconflict or anxiogenic effect on the last test day (decreased punished responding alone) on the unpredictable schedule, while inducing an anticonflict effect on the predictable one. The unpredictable schedule is sensitive to detecting decreases as well as increases in punished responding and as such may be a unique conflict model for evaluating novel anxiolytics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗