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Biomedical subjects

S D Gardner

Publications and source records attributed to S D Gardner.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy and viral antibody titres.

Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by a papovavirus but serum antibody titres are generally considered unhelpful in clinical diagnosis because antibodies to the commonest causal agent (JC virus) are frequently found in normal adults. There is little published information about CSF titres but usually they have not been useful. Two cases of PML, confirmed by autopsy, are described where CSF antibody to JC virus was measured. In one case the JC antibody titre was significantly higher in the CSF than the serum and we suggest that this finding is diagnostically useful. In this case there was a transient stabilization of the disease following treatment with cytarabine with a change in antibody titres suggestive of reduced viral replication in the central nervous system and a host response to the infection. In the other case, which was untreated, rising serum antibody levels indicated active infection with a host response.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis associated with urinary excretion of polyomaviruses after bone marrow transplantation.

Hemorrhagic cystitis is a well known complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and is normally attributed to the use of high-dose cyclophosphamide in the preparative regimen. Hemorrhagic cystitis occurring late after BMT is unlikely to be due to the effects of this conditioning, and probably has an infective etiology. Three patients undergoing BMT for chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) developed terminal dysuria and hematuria at 38, 56, and 149 days post-BMT. Electron microscopy (EM) of urine voided at these times revealed large numbers of papovavirions, which were subsequently identified as BK virus. Urine samples inoculated onto human embryonic lung fibroblasts induced infection of the cells and replication of the virus as detected by EM of tissue culture fluid. Urine from one of these patients was examined by standard cytological techniques, and EM of urothelial cells showed nuclear inclusions consisting of nonencapsulated virus particles of diameter 40 nm, consistent with papovavirus. Five further patients were found to be excreting BK virus without symptoms of cystitis, although one of these patients did experience abnormalities of liver function that were otherwise unexplained. BK virus has already been implicated in hepatic dysfunction posttransplant, and in cystitis in nonimmunosuppressed children. We postulate that it may also be involved in the etiology of late hemorrhagic cystitis after BMT.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Use of a molecular probe for detecting JCV DNA directly in human brain material.

A hybridot assay using a radiolabelled JC virus probe has been used to detect the presence of JCV DNA in brain biopsy and postmortem brain samples from patients with neurological disease and possible progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Sixty-nine brain samples from 45 patients were examined. Eleven samples from eight patients had detectable JCV DNA sequences. In seven of the eight patients this result was confirmed by electron microscopy and/or virus isolation or immunofluorescence.

Brain↗
PubMed1986

Human exposure to bovine polyomavirus: a zoonosis?

A competitive-type solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for the detection of antibody to bovine polyomavirus. Comparison of RIA and counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) results on 273 cattle sera indicated that both techniques were detecting antibody of like specificity. Human sera from 256 blood donors, 219 people recently vaccinated against polio, rubella or rabies, 50 immunosuppressed patients and 472 people with various occupational exposure to cattle were tested for antibody to bovine polyomavirus, the foetal rhesus monkey kidney strain, (anti-FRKV) by RIA. Apart from one blood donor and one of 108 rabies vaccinees only those in close contact with cattle possessed anti-FRKV. Compared with 62 per cent seropositive in the natural hosts, cattle, 71 per cent of veterinary surgeons, 50 per cent of cattle farmers, 40 per cent of abattoir workers, 16 per cent of veterinary institute technical staff and 10 per cent of veterinary students were anti-FRKV positive. Our findings indicate that the theoretical hazard of FRKV infection from undetected contamination of current tissue culture derived vaccines may, in practice, be remote. Proposed wider use of primate kidney cells as substrates for new vaccines may increase this risk.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Detection of human polyomavirus DNA in urine specimens by hybridot assay.

A hybridot assay method using a labelled BK virus probe has been used to detect the presence of human polyomavirus DNA in 81 urine specimens from 61 patients, most of whom were immuno-compromised to some degree. Twenty-eight urines from 23 patients had detectable DNA. The results have been compared to virus isolation and electron microscopy on the same specimens. In 90 per cent a comparable result was obtained by at least one of the other two tests and in the 73 specimens on which all 3 tests were performed there was 80 per cent agreement between all. In 6 cases the hybridot assay was more sensitive in detecting infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Characterisation of a polyomavirus in two foetal rhesus monkey kidney cell lines used for the growth of hepatitis A virus.

Electron microscopy and prolonged incubation of cell cultures have revealed the presence of a papovavirus in two foetal rhesus monkey kidney cell lines, FRhK-4 and FRhK-6, which are used to grow hepatitis A virus. The papovavirus, designated FRKV, was present in culture fluids from both cell lines and in thin sections of FRhK-4 cells. The size of the virus, 47 nm, places FRKV within the Polyomavirus genus. FRKV has been grown in primary human embryo kidney and calf kidney cell cultures. Haemagglutinin has not been demonstrated. Preliminary investigations indicate that FRKV is antigenically identical to or closely related to stump-tailed macaque virus and is not one of the primate polyomaviruses SV40, SA12, BK or JC. FRKV reacts with antibody that occurs in pools of foetal and newborn bovine sera suggesting that the virus might be of bovine origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

BK virus specific IgM responses in cord sera, young children and healthy adults detected by RIA.

An IgM capture solid-phase radioimmunoassay (MACRIA) for BK virus (BKV) specific IgM is described. This test was found to be more sensitive in detecting BKV specific IgM than both haemagglutination inhibition and immune electron microscopy with serum fractions from sucrose density gradients. The use of this specific assay allowed large numbers of sera to be examined with ease so that the distribution of BKV specific IgM in different populations could be studied more fully. BKV specific IgM was detected in 11/300 sera from London blood donors, in 24/114 sera from children aged between 2 and 11 years admitted to a paediatric unit and 14/79 sera taken from children aged between 2 and 5 years for the investigation of anti-streptolysin 0 titres. BKV specific IgM was not detected in 404 cord sera examined to investigate the transplacental transmission of BK virus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Prospective study of the human polyomaviruses BK and JC and cytomegalovirus in renal transplant recipients.

Forty eight renal transplant recipients were investigated prospectively for evidence of infection with the polyomaviruses BK and JC and cytomegalovirus. An active polyomavirus infection was shown in 31 patients (65%) and cytomegalovirus in 30 (62.5%). Half of the BK and JC virus infections occurred within the first three months after transplantation compared with 93% of the cytomegalovirus infections. Very late polyomavirus infections two or more years after the transplant were also shown. Cytology was useful in identifying polyomavirus but not cytomegalovirus infections, and 21 (68%) of the 31 polyomavirus infected patients excreted inclusion-bearing cells. Only three patients had symptoms possibly associated with the polyomavirus infection. One patient with BK virus infection developed ureteric stenosis and a second patient had malaise and vomiting. One patient with JC virus infection developed pericarditis and effusion. Renal function became impaired at the time of the polyomavius infection in eight patients (26%) and ureteric obstruction and pericarditis developed in two patients treated with methyl prednisolone for possible rejection. At the end of the study 25 of the 31 polyomavirus infected patients (81%) had functioning renal grafts. The detection of polyomavirus infection is important as increased immunosuppression needs to be avoided to prevent possible complications such as ureteric stenosis in transplant recipients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Evidence for a bovine origin of the polyomavirus detected in foetal rhesus monkey kidney cells, FRhK-4 and -6.

Rabbit antisera to the stump-tailed macaque polyomavirus (STMV) which had been shown by immunoelectron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence to react with the polyomavirus found in FRhK-4 cells (FRKV), also gave precipitin lines in counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and double diffusion in gel (GD) when reacted with FRKV. The reactions in GD showed identity with that of a rabbit antiserum to FRKV. Naturally occurring antibody to FRKV (anti-FRKV) was found by CIE in 48 per cent of 353 cattle, 1/106 pigs and 1/20 goats but not in any of 13 other species including 45 rhesus monkeys and 97 humans. Each of 9 anti-FRKV positive samples from cattle, the goat serum, but not the pig serum gave a line of identity with the rabbit antiserum to FRKV in GD against FRKV. Detection of anti-FRKV in colostrum deprived newborn calves and in commercial foetal calf sera (FBS) indicates that intra-uterine infection of cattle with FRKV may occur. FRKV adapted readily to growth in secondary calf kidney cultures and grew more rapidly and to higher titres than in the FRhK-4 cultures. We conclude that FRKV is probably another strain of STMV and that the natural hosts of these viruses are cattle and not primates. Evidence of intra-uterine infection of cattle implies that infectious FRKV may be present in some FBS and may thus have gained entry into various susceptible cell lines, particularly primate kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Prognostic significance of herpes simplex virus antibody status in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

A total of 107 women with abnormal cervical smears showing cytological changes consistent with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 or CIN 2 were kept under regular cytological, colposcopic, virological and serological surveillance for an average of 18 months (range 9 months-3 years). Regression of the cervical lesion was noted in 31 (29%) and progression to CIN 3 in nine women (8.4%). We found a positive correlation between the presence of type 2 antibody and progression of CIN 1 and 2 to CIN 3 and a negative association with the presence of type 1 antibody and suggest the antibody status of a woman with CIN 1 or CIN 2 may provide a useful basis for follow-up. We found no association between the outcome of the cervical lesion and active infection with herpes simplex or cytomegalovirus or any other infectious agent or sex-related factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Strain differences and some serological observations on several isolates of human polyomaviruses.

Six new strains of BK polyomavirus are described and compared by serological reactions and restriction endonuclease digest patterns of their DNA to BKV (prototype) and BKV (GS). One strain (PG) had a restriction endonuclease pattern similar to BKV (prototype) but with two EcoRI cleavage sites. Four strains were similar to BKV (GS) and one strain (SB) appeared to be a variant of BKV, having a smaller defective genome. Two mixed polyomavirus infections have been identified and a new human polyomavirus (ASV), distinct from BKV and JCV, has been described.

BK Virus↗
PubMed1983

Human polyomavirus in pregnancy. A model for the study of defence mechanisms to virus reactivation.

We have carried out a longitudinal study of human polyomavirus infection in 71 pregnant women and correlated the virological findings with changes in the defence system in the same patients. As reactivation of human polyomaviruses generally occurred late in the second trimester it was possible to distinguish between the immunological changes which preceded the onset of reactivation and those which were secondary to the infection. Evidence of reactivation was detected in 26 women; all had high or rising antibody titres against BK or JC virus, but only five of these developed viruria. A positive correlation was observed between a high monocyte count in early pregnancy and subsequent virus reactivation. The virus excretors had significantly lower neutrophil counts than the women who had no evidence of virus reactivation. In contrast, women with serological evidence of virus activity but no viruria has significantly higher neutrophil counts than the non-activators. They also had stronger lymphocyte responses to PHA than the virus excretors. Virus activators were found to have a significant lymphopenia in the third trimester compared to the non-activators. High antibody levels did not appear to inhibit virus excretion. These findings suggest that monocytosis may predispose to reactivation of human polyomaviruses in pregnancy. On the other hand, ability to contain the virus once it has been activated, was associated with neutrophilia, and relatively vigorous in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes to PHA. Persistent lymphopenia was probably secondary to virus reactivation. The model on which this study is based could be adapted to investigate the causes of reactivation of other viruses. It may also help to identify risk factors in patients who are particularly susceptible to infection with opportunistic viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Rabies.

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Animals↗