Individual differences in visual-geometric illusions: predictions from measures of spatial cognitive abilities.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to S Coren.
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Theories of the perception of visual direction use, either a hypothetical "projection center" midway between the two eyes, or the line of sight of the sighting dominant eye, as a reference point for egocentric localization. Seventy-five observers made judgments of the visual straight ahead. Their judgments varied as a function of both viewing condition and eye dominance. Judgments were biased toward the side of the viewing eye during monocular exposure, while binocular judgments were intermediate in their placement. Both monocular and binocular judgments were shifted in the direction of the sighting dominant eye, suggesting that the reference point for visual localization lies between the midpoint of the interocular axis and the line of sight of the sighting eye.
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Difficulty in falling asleep and frequency of night wakenings were assessed in 1,272 college-aged individuals for whom birth histories (based on retrospective maternal reports) were available. A history of birth complications was associated with reports of sleep difficulties as an infant. Birth stressors, such as breech birth, prolonged labor, low birth weight, and multiple births, were predictive of disrupted sleep patterns in the young adult.
The relationship between writing hand posture and lateral preference for hand, foot, eye, and ear was examined in a sample of 3709 college undergraduates. A markedly different pattern of lateral preferences was observed in left-handed males and females as a function of hand posture. Left-handed male inverters displayed a tendency toward more leftward lateral preferences in all four indexes; while it was found that hand inversion during writing in left-handed females reflected, if anything, a tendency toward more rightward lateral preferences.
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A configuration is presented in which both the overestimated and the underestimated portions of the Müller-Lyer illusion are embedded. In free viewing no distortion of length occurs; however, overestimation or underestimation illusions can be produced by simple manipulation of the attentional set, thus demonstrating one cognitive component in the formation of the Müller-Lyer distortion.
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Variations in handwriting posture (inverted versus noninverted) were measured in 1203 individuals for whom birth histories, based upon retrospective maternal reports, were available. A history of birth complications was associated with an increased incidence of inverted handwriting posture. Effects interacted with sex and hand preference; the largest difference in handwriting posture between the birth-stressed and non-birth-stressed groups occurred in left-handers and in males.
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The speed of visual processing in the sighting-dominant and nondominant eyes was assessed using a simultaneity procedure in which an auditory target was set to apparently coincide with the onset of a visual stimulus. Under two types of monocular testing, the information from the sighting dominant eye was processed approximately 14 msec faster than the information from the nonsighting eye. These results suggest that the monocular channels are not completely interchangeable, and that response characteristics may vary as a function of sighting dominance.