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Biomedical subjects

S Cole

Publications and source records attributed to S Cole.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Sexuality and reproduction in spinal cord injured women.

Sexuality, reproduction, and childbearing are essential issues for the spinal cord injured women. The medical complications, including urinary tract infections, anemia, pressure sores, sepsis, and autonomic hyperreflexia are significant in each of these areas with both physical as well as emotional ramifications. Patient and family education is of primary importance in both anticipating as well as dealing with the potentially serious consequences. A consultant knowledgeable in the problems of the spinal cord injured can be of utmost benefit especially in the labor and delivery process.

Delivery, Obstetric↗
PubMed1990

Dual-function 2-nitroimidazoles as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers and bioreductive cytotoxins: in vivo evaluation in KHT murine sarcomas.

The efficacies of a series of potential prodrugs of RSU-1069 and its alkyl-aziridine analogues were assessed. These 1-(2-haloethylamino)-3-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-2-propanol compounds were designed to cyclize in vivo to generate 2-nitro-imidazoles with aziridine (RSU-1069) or alkyl-substituted aziridine (RSU-1164, RB-7040, or RSU-1150) functions. Maximum tolerated single, intraperitoneal doses (MTD) were determined in C3H/He mice bearing subcutaneous KHT sarcomas, and a drug dose-response relationship for radiosensitization was established for each compound administered at the optimum time (45-60 min) before local irradiation of tumors with a 10-Gy dose of X-rays. The potentials of the compounds as bioreductive cytotoxins were studied by administering them immediately after irradiation. Tumor cell survival was measured 18-24 h after treatment in an in vitro soft agar clonogenic assay. Results of toxicity, radiosensitization, and bioreductive cytotoxicity assays for each of the prodrugs (RB-6171, RB-6172, RB-6173, RB-6174, and RB-6175) of the alkyl-substituted aziridines were entirely consistent with complete conversion to their respective target compounds. For example, RB-6171 (the prodrug form of RSU-1164) was only about four times less efficient than RSU-1069 as a radiosensitizer and bioreductive cytotoxin but had an MTD 7.5 times higher. In contrast, prodrugs of RSU-1069 (RB-6144 and RB-6145) were two- to threefold less toxic than their expected product. RB-6144 was a poor radiosensitizer and bioreductive agent compared with RSU-1069 and was similar to RB-6170, a nonalkylating nitroimidazole. This is consistent with the observation that there is limited conversion of RB-6144 to RSU-1069 in vitro. However, radiosensitization and bioreductive cytotoxicity produced by RB-6145 were only slightly less than the effects produced by RSU-1069; thus a therapeutic gain was achieved with RB-6145 in a murine tumor model.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

An educational booklet diminishes anxiety in parents whose children receive total parenteral nutrition.

A major cause of anxiety in parents of hospitalized children is insufficient information about hospital procedures. In an effort to determine the extent to which parental anxiety could be diminished and knowledge and satisfaction enhanced in regard to total parenteral nutrition (TPN), we developed a booklet that describes the mechanics of TPN administration and related procedures. When informal discussions were held between parents and members of the nutritional support team during four alternating periods (every five to six months), parents of first-time recipients of TPN either did not receive the booklet (period 1, n = 20; period 3, n = 30) or received it (period 2, n = 23; period 4, n = 27). Within one week of TPN initiation, parents in both groups completed the Spielberger State-Trait anxiety scale, an attitude questionnaire, and a quiz on TPN. No differences between groups were found in ethnic background, socioeconomic status, severity of illness, age of children, or route of TPN administration. Predisposition to anxiety was also similar between the groups. In contrast, acute situational anxiety was significantly greater in the group with no booklet than in the booklet group. Parents in the no-booklet group demonstrated less comfort in the care of their children and less knowledge about TPN than did the booklet group. Written information provided to parents decreased their anxiety and increased satisfaction with patient care more successfully than did verbal communication. Such a booklet may reduce parentally induced anxiety in the child and facilitate parent-hospital staff interactions.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1989

Simultaneous left ventricular and ascending aortic pressure measurements via single artery access for assessment of aortic stenosis.

In order to determine the reliability of a single arterial access technique for hemodynamic assessment of aortic stenosis, data obtained from this method was compared with that from dual arterial access in 13 patients. A 59 cm long, 8 Fr. Mullins Transseptal Sheath (MTS) was placed in the ascending aorta (AA) and a 5 Fr. pigtail catheter advanced through the MTS (using a hemostatic "Y" adapter) into the left ventricle for simultaneous pressure recordings. Another 5 Fr. pigtail catheter (PTC) was advanced in the AA from the contralateral femoral artery. Peak pressures, AA pressure-tracing characteristics, mean gradients, and the aortic valve area using tracings from the MTS and the PTC were compared. Peak pressures 120 +/- 8 vs. 119 +/- 8 mmHg (r = .998), "T" time .16 +/- .01 vs. .15 +/- .01 sec. (r = .913), "U" time .36 +/- .02 vs. .36 +/- .02 sec. (r = .983), mean gradients 38.4 +/- 6.1 vs. 39.6 +/- 6.9 mmHg (r = .990) and the AV area .78 +/- .08 vs. 79 +/- .08 cm2 (r = .994) were similar. Therefore, this single arterial technique provides data comparable to the traditional dual access system for hemodynamic assessment of aortic stenosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Study of the performance of 5 French and 7 French catheters in coronary angiography: a functional comparison.

The functional efficacy of a conventional 7F (high flow) coronary catheter (hand injection) was compared with a 5F (high flow) catheter using hand and powered injection in 29 patients with ischemic heart disease. Patients were randomized to 5F or 7F catheters as the initial catheter. Consecutive comparative coronary angiograms were performed in the 15 degrees right anterior oblique (RAO) view using Judkin's technique. Visual diagnostic grade (Grade 1 = Diagnostic, Grade 2 = Equivocal, Grade 3 = Nondiagnostic), vessel filling, vessel density (using a densitometer and corrected for background), streaming, and dislodgement were all evaluated independently by two experienced angiographers with correlation of results. Mean diagnostic grade (1.31 +/- 0.48) was significantly better with the 7F compared to 5F (hand) 1.72 +/- 0.81 and 5F (power) 2.00 +/- 0.71 (P less than or equal to 0.05) for each. Streaming was seen in 55% of injections with 5F (hand) versus 88.5% with 5F (power) and 20.7% with 7F. Measured vessel density was not different for the two catheters. Coronary injection dislodgement occurred significantly more often with 5F power injections than with hand injection of either catheter. Finally, in 6 (30%) of 20 patients in which the 5F was randomly the second catheter used, the operator had to revert to the 7F catheter in order to obtain adequate images. In conclusion, angiographic quality is reduced with 5F catheters compared to 7F high flow in certain patients. Thus, to achieve optimal diagnostic angiograms, larger lumen catheters may be required during certain procedures initially begun with 5F catheters.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1989

The E2 antigen, a 32 kd glycoprotein involved in T-cell adhesion processes, is the MIC2 gene product.

E2 is a 32 kd human T-cell surface glycoprotein involved in spontaneous rosette formation with erythrocytes. A 1.11 kb cDNA was isolated from a lambda gt11 expression library by screening with monoclonal antibodies directed against E2. The primary structure of E2, deduced from the nucleotide sequence of its gene, comprises 185 amino acids and is devoid of N-linked glycosylation sites. The E2 protein is rich in proline residues and displays an organization typical of an integral membrane protein. Northern blotting showed a good correlation between mRNA abundance, E2 surface density and the level of T cell differentiation. In fact, nucleotide sequencing revealed that E2 is the MIC2 gene product, previously identified with the 12E7 Mab. Xg(a-) female individuals have no E2 molecule on the surface of their red cells, in contrast with Xg(a+) individuals, but have the molecule in their cytoplasm, in the form of the 28 kd precursor. These findings show that the E2 antigen, a cell surface molecule involved in T cell adhesion processes, is the product of the MIC2 gene, the only pseudoautosomal gene to be described in man.

12E7 Antigen↗
PubMed1989

Manipulation of oxygenation in a human tumour xenograft with BW12C or hydralazine: effects on responses to radiation and to the bioreductive cytotoxicity of misonidazole or RSU-1069.

The influence of altered tumour oxygenation on the responses to radiation and/or bioreductive 2-nitroimidazole compounds was studied in a well differentiated, human, colon adenocarcinoma (MAWI), grown as a subcutaneous xenograft in nude mice. Tumour growth delays were measured after local, single 5-18 Gy doses of X-rays. BW12C, which inhibits dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin, produced radioprotection similar to that resulting from clamping off the tumour blood supply during irradiation. Hydralazine, a vasoactive agent, also appeared to give radioprotection. BW12C or misonidazole (MISO) alone had no measurable inhibitory effect on xenograft growth. Hydralazine or RSU-1069 slightly increased the time for tumours to reach 6 times their original volumes. When hydralazine was given 40 min after a dose of 800 mg/kg of MISO, without X-rays, growth delays in excess of 5 tumour volume doubling times resulted and fewer tumour cells were present in histological sections. Lower doses of MISO combined with hydralazine were ineffective. Other combinations of bioreductive cytotoxic agents and methods of manipulation of tumour blood flow/oxygenation induced slight and inconsistent growth delays. Hydralazine was injected after irradiation of tumours in mice previously treated with various doses of MISO in an attempt to exploit the bioreductive cytotoxic potential of MISO in conjunction with its radiosensitizing properties; however, tumour growth delays were similar with or without hydralazine after irradiation. Thus, post-irradiation restriction of tumour blood flow appears to be an ineffective therapeutic strategy in this human xenograft tumour model.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

International collaborative effort (ICE) on birth weight, plurality, perinatal, and infant mortality. III: A method of grouping underlying causes of infant death to aid international comparisons.

Underlying causes of infant death, as coded in the ninth revision of the International Classification of Diseases, have been grouped into a system of seven functional categories plus one additional group of "other and unclassifiable" diagnoses. The groups comprise congenital anomalies, asphyxia related conditions, immaturity related conditions, infections, sudden death, deaths due to external causes, and other specific conditions. The groups were constructed by using a frequency distribution of underlying cause of death in 200,000 infant deaths in 1980-84 in the U.S.A. When analysed according to age at death and according to birth weight, the distribution of the functional groups had patterns which corresponded to what might be expected clinically. Each functional group has common features which require intervention at a specific time for prevention and treatment. We propose that it is used as a tool in epidemiological surveillance and to guide health authorities in priorities for disease control. International comparisons of time trends will be undertaken.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1989

International Collaborative Effort (ICE) on birthweight; plurality; and perinatal and infant mortality. I: Methods of data collection and analysis.

This paper describes the collection and analysis of data by a group of international collaborators (International Collaborative Effort on Perinatal and Infant Mortality) interested in comparative studies on birthweight distributions and reproductive outcome. This is the first of a series of reports on the results of these studies. It gives an account of the countries or states involved, and the collection and characteristics of the data. The countries and states included sixteen of the United States, plus England and Wales, Denmark, Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia from the Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Japan, Norway, Scotland, and Sweden. The data comprised birthweight distributions in 500-gram groups for all births and for singletons separately, for livebirths, stillbirths, first week deaths and, where available, late neonatal and infant deaths, from 1970 up to 1985.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1988

Sequence and comparative analysis of three Enterobacter cloacae ampC beta-lactamase genes and their products.

The sequences of three Enterobacter cloacae ampC beta-lactamase genes have been determined. The deduced amino acid sequences are very similar: out of a total of 361 residues, only eight positions were found to be variable, and several mutations yielded residues with very similar properties. The kinetic properties of two of the enzymes were not significantly different. The three enzymes also exhibited a high degree of homology (greater than 70%) with the ampC beta-lactamases of Escherichia coli K12 and Citrobacter freundii, confirming the homogeneity of class-C beta-lactamases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Genetic variability of proto-oncogenes for breast cancer risk and prognosis.

This paper summarizes the results of a study on human breast cancers performed mainly at the Centre René Huguenin in collaboration with other American and French groups, and supported in part by a Grant from the Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC) Villejuif. During this work, the following conclusions emerged: c-myc proto-oncogene amplification is a common alteration in ductal invasive tumors, more frequently found in recurrent and metastatic tumors, suggesting a role for c-myc in tumor progression. However, in the current state of our study, it does not appear to be linked to prognosis; parts of the short arm of chromosome 11 are deleted in 20% of tumors resulting in hemizygosity for several genes (c-ha-ras, beta globin, pTH, calcitonin, catalase). These deletions seem to be linked with aggressiveness of tumors; a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) study of c-ha-ras has shown a significant association of the frequency of rare ha-ras alleles in cancer patients compared to that of normal individuals. Although this result is currently a matter of controversy, further studies must be independently repeated to be conclusive; -- another RFLP was found in c-mos proto-oncogene, which is detected only in patients with breast cancers or other types of tumors. The molecular basis for this RFLP has been elucidated. The significance of this association is unknown.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1987

Nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system in stable angina pectoris. Results of a multicenter open-label crossover comparison with standard nifedipine.

To compare the clinical efficacy and dose equivalency of standard nifedipine versus a new gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) formulation of nifedipine, 98 patients with chronic stable angina pectoris participated in a 14-week, multicenter, open-label, crossover trial. All patients were administered nifedipine capsules for one month prior to study entry and continued receiving other antianginal, non-calcium blocker medications. Ninety-one patients (93 percent), 80 men and 11 women, mean age 62 +/- 1 years, completed the trial, which included two weeks receiving standard nifedipine followed by 12 weeks receiving nifedipine GITS starting at a dosage equal to the 24-hour total dose of nifedipine capsules and titrated upward as necessary. However, throughout the trial, mean nifedipine dosage was similar on nifedipine GITS compared with standard nifedipine. Angina frequency was significantly less with nifedipine GITS at Weeks 6, 10, and 14 (0.8 episodes/week) compared with baseline with standard nifedipine (1.3 episodes/week, p less than 0.05). Likewise, nitroglycerin consumption was also less at Weeks 6, 10, and 14, but only significantly less at Week 6 (nifedipine 1.2/week versus nifedipine GITS at six weeks, 0.7/week; p less than 0.05). Resting hemodynamic parameters, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, were not significantly different with standard nifedipine versus nifedipine GITS during the 12-week study. Total incidences of side effects were similar for both treatments (standard nifedipine, 16; nifedipine GITS, 17). However, incidence of vasodilator side effects (flushing, dizziness, and light-headedness) was significantly less frequent with nifedipine GITS (standard nifedipine, 12; nifedipine GITS, six; p less than 0.05). Thus, results from this open-label, crossover trial suggest that nifedipine GITS dosing is similar to multidose standard nifedipine with equivalent 24-hour efficacy for nifedipine GITS.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Candida epiglottitis in an adult with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.

A 40-year-old white woman presented with fever, otalgia, and odynophagia and was found to have a peripheral white blood cell count of 90,000/mm3. A diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia was made. Further evaluation of symptoms and source for fever led to the diagnosis of Candida albicans epiglottitis. This is the first reported case of fungal epiglottitis in an immunocompromised adult.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Pathogenesis of scrapie is faster when infection is intraspinal instead of intracerebral.

Previous studies of mice infected peripherally with 139A scrapie showed that scrapie agent initially replicates outside the CNS and that invasion of the CNS occurs several weeks later by neural spread of infection along visceral autonomic fibres to the mid-thoracic cord, and thence to brain. Direct intracerebral infection of brain bypasses the need for extraneural replication and gives shorter incubation periods than peripheral routes. However, it was also found that the duration of the scrapie replication phase in brain, before clinical disease develops, is actually shorter with peripheral routes than with the intracerebral route. We have now investigated this surprising observation using the intraspinal route to reproduce just the neural phase of scrapie pathogenesis seen after peripheral infection. In studies of three strains of scrapie (263K, 139A and ME7) in either hamsters or mice, we have fulfilled the prediction that incubation periods should be shorter after intraspinal infection than after intracerebral infection. Detailed studies of 139A scrapie showed that the shorter incubation period by the intraspinal route could be accounted for by the shorter duration of the scrapie replication phase in brain before clinical disease developed. As a consequence, the severity of the vacuolar lesions in brain at the clinical stage of all three scrapie models was less after intraspinal infection than after intracerebral infection but the severities of vacuolation after intraspinal and intraperitoneal infection were remarkably similar. We speculate that (a) the site of injection (or of invasion) of the central nervous system determines which neural pathways become accessible for the spread of scrapie infection, and that (b) the duration of the neural phase of scrapie pathogenesis is related to the complexity of the pathways between the site of invasion and the clinical target areas in which, it is suggested, scrapie must replicate for disease to develop.

Animals↗