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Biomedical subjects

S Chinn

Publications and source records attributed to S Chinn.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1972

Antibody responses and resistance to challenge in volunteers vaccinated with live attenuated, detergent split and oil adjuvant A2-Hong Kong-68 (H 3 N 2 ) influenza vaccines. A report to the Medical Research Council Committee on Influenza and other Respiratory Virus Vaccines.

Forty-nine subjects were vaccinated with either live attenuated, detergent split, or oil adjuvant A2/Hong Kong influenza vaccines, or a saline influenza B vaccine as control. Respiratory symptoms occurred more frequently in subjects who received the live vaccine but in total there was little difference between the symptoms in the four groups. Antibody titres in nasal washings and serum were measured by haemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase inhibition and virus neutralization tests. The oil adjuvant vaccine stimulated larger antibody responses than the other procedures. Six weeks after vaccination the volunteers were challenged with partially attenuated live A2/Hong Kong influenza virus administered intranasally. The live attenuated and oil adjuvant vaccines provided the best protection against challenge.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1971

Neuraminidase and resistance to vaccination with live influenza A2 Hong Kong vaccines.

Thirty-seven volunteers were inoculated intranasally with living attenuated influenza A2 viruses. Rising titres of circulating antineuraminidase (AN) were detected in 14 of 17 infected volunteers. AN was also found in nasal secretions. Statistical analysis showed that there was a correlation between the titres of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody (HI) and AN in nasal washings, and between AN in blood and washings. Resistance to infection could be predicted from antibody titres in 29 of 37 volunteers and blood AN alone predicted the outcome of 25 volunteers.

Antibodies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term variation of urinary albumin excretion in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: some practical recommendations for monitoring microalbuminuria.

Seven measurements of albumin excretion in overnight, recumbent (OR) and daytime, ambulant (DA) urine samples were carried out at successive intervals of 3 months in 172 insulin-dependent diabetic patients; at entry into the study, all had a resting albumin excretion rate less than 300 micrograms/min. Urinary albumin excretion in both collections was expressed as a concentration (UA, mg/l), as a creatinine ratio (UA/UC, mg/mmol) and as an excretion rate (UAV, micrograms/min). The pooled within-subject standard deviation (log. (base e) transformed data) for each expression of the albumin excretion was: (1) OR sample--UA 0.6824 mg/l, UA/UC 0.5257 mg/mmol, UAV 0.5940 micrograms/min; (2) DA sample--UA 0.7830 mg/l, UA/UC 0.5780 mg/mmol, UAV 0.6334 micrograms/min. The results were used to calculate the 95% range for a difference between two measurements within an individual patient which was lowest with OR UA/UC (chi/divided by 4.42) and highest with the DA UA (chi/divided by 9.16). Variation in the OR sample was also studied in terms of the patterns of microalbuminuria (M; UAV greater than 15 micrograms/min) which were found to be closely associated with the initial level of albumin excretion: persistent non-M was most common in patients with a baseline UAV less than 15 micrograms/min; established M was most common in those with a baseline UAV greater than 70 micrograms/min, some of whom developed clinical albuminuria. The frequency with which patients should be re-screened for M may be determined by the initial value of albumin excretion and by the threshold used to define M.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of passive smoking on respiratory symptoms, bronchial responsiveness, lung function, and total serum IgE in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Passive smoking is widespread, and environmental tobacco smoke contains many potent respiratory irritants. This analysis aimed to estimate the effect of passive smoking on respiratory symptoms, bronchial responsiveness, lung function, and total serum IgE in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. METHODS: This analysis included data from 7882 adults (age 20-48 years) who had never smoked, from 36 centres in 16 countries. Information on passive smoking, respiratory symptoms, asthma, and allergic rhinitis was gathered through a structured interview. Spirometry and methacholine challenge were carried out, and total and specific IgE were measured. The effect of passive smoking was estimated by means of logistic and multiple linear regression for each country and combined across countries by random-effects meta-analysis. FINDINGS: In 12 of the 36 centres, more than half the participants were regularly involuntarily exposed to tobacco smoke. The prevalence of passive smoking in the workplace varied from 2.5% in Uppsala, Sweden, to 53.8% in Galdakao, Spain. Passive smoking was significantly associated with nocturnal chest tightness (odds ratio 1.28 [95% CI 1.02 to 1.60]), nocturnal breathlessness (1.30 [1.01 to 1.67]), breathlessness after activity (1.25 [1.07 to 1.47]), and increased bronchial responsiveness (effect -0.18 [-0.30 to -.05]). Passive smoking in the workplace was significantly associated with all types of respiratory symptoms and current asthma (odds ratio 1.90 [95% CI 0.90 to 2.88]). No significant association was found between passive smoking and total serum IgE. INTERPRETATION: Passive smoking is common but the prevalence varies widely between different countries. Passive smoking increased the likelihood of experiencing respiratory symptoms and was associated with increased bronchial responsiveness. Decreasing involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke in the community, especially in workplaces, is likely to improve respiratory health.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

International definitions of overweight and obesity for children: a lasting solution?

BACKGROUND: Definitions of overweight and obesity for children were published in 2000, derived by averaging the centiles of six countries equivalent to body mass index (BMI) at age 18 years of 25 and 30. For use in the UK it is unclear whether these present an advantage over equivalent definitions based on UK data. AIM: To compare the recently published international cut-off points for overweight and obesity in children with alternative cut-off points based on the UK 1990 reference data. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Around 6000 white children aged 4-11 years from primary schools in 22 areas in England were measured in two cross-sectional surveys, in 1984 and 1994. Measurements included height and weight, from which BMI was calculated. Each child was classified as overweight or obese according to each cut-off point. RESULTS: The proposed international cut-off points exaggerate the difference in prevalence of overweight and obesity between English boys and girls in comparison to comparable measures based on UK data by up to 7%, and are not compatible with the UK reference charts for BMI. Using proposed UK cut-off points the prevalence of overweight in boys was 10.2% in 1984, rising to 13.8% in 1994, compared to 5.4 to 9.0% using the international definition. CONCLUSION: The limitations of the international definitions, due to averaging data from different countries and the choice of reference age, need to be known. The UK cut-off points here presented are compatible with the current UK reference curves.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social factors and height gain of primary schoolchildren in England and Scotland.

Associations between height and certain social factors are known to persist throughout the primary school years. To discover whether the height differences between social groups are increasing or diminishing during this time, heights of 7569 English and Scottish 5 to 10 year olds measured in 1972 and 1973 were examined, together with information about number of siblings, father's social class and father's employment status. With the exception of five year old children of unemployed fathers, any increases in height differentials were no more than would be expected from the dependence of height gain on initial height. No evidence was found of absolute decrease in height differences over one year, for any of the three social factors considered, but children from larger sibships grew more than expected given their starting heights. Thus associations between attained height and social factors in five to ten year old children arise almost entirely before the age of five and do not alter appreciably during the primary school years.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Standard of weight-for-height for English children from age 5.0 to 11.0 years.

Analysis of data from the National Study of Health and Growth confirms the need to take age into account when assessing weight-for-height of children aged 5+ to 10+. The method described by Cole leads to errors in the assessment of English and Scottish children, in particular of those tall for their age. This is mainly because the method employs a log(weight)-log(height) rather than a log(weight)-height relationship. Using the latter, weight-for-height centiles are calculated using data for 7157 English boys and girls. It is shown that age last birthday is a precise enough measure of age for the assessment of prepubertal children. Charts of weight-for-height standards are given in an appendix.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

National study of health and growth: social and family factors and obesity in primary schoolchildren.

The association of social and family factors with triceps skinfold and weight for height and age was assessed using multiple regression analyses for 5-11 year-old-children in England and Scotland. Parents' body build was the factor most consistently associated with the two proxy measures of obesity. Number of siblings in the family was inversely related to triceps skinfold thickness. Parents' body-build and number of siblings were more strongly related to our measures of obesity in the older age groups and in girls, whereas child's birth-weight was more associated with weight for height and triceps skinfold in the younger age groups. Father's social class and mother's education made almost no contribution to the variation of triceps skinfold and weight for height in children. The relative risk of obesity associated with any individual independent variables was less than or around two. We conclude that there is little scope for identifying the majority of children at risk of obesity in a characteristic social environment. However, the increase in the association between our measures of obesity in parents and older children provides a possible tool for the early detection of children who may become obese.

Body Height↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The secular trend in the height of primary school children in England and Scotland from 1972-1980.

Data from 29 230 children in 22 areas in England and 6 in Scotland were used to estimate the secular trend in height of primary school children over the period 1972-1980. The children were from 15 birth cohorts, born 1961-1975. The method of analysis was selected in order to give estimates from mixed longitudinal data, in which the number of measurements differed from cohort to cohort and children with incomplete data could not be assumed to be comparable to those measured at every age. When the overall goodness-of-fit to height data of polynomials in age was examined, for children measured on 7 or 8 occasions, it was found that cubic polynomials were necessary to describe the growth of boys and girls over the age range 5.0 to 11.0 years, but that cubic and quadratic coefficients could not be interpreted for individual children. No evidence of a mid-growth spurt in height was found. Models fitted to mean heights showed that there was a secular trend of increasing height over the period studied, which was greater when estimated at age eight years than at age five. At age 8 the trend was greatest in Scottish boys, 1.5 cm per decade, and least in English girls, 0.5 cm per decade. The data do not distinguish between a trend due to earlier maturation and a trend resulting in increased adult height; further data will show whether the lack of positive trend at age five estimated from the later cohorts was due to a recent cessation of secular trend.

Body Height↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The National Study of Health and Growth: nutritional surveillance of primary school children from 1972 to 1981 with special reference to unemployment and social class.

The height, weight for height and triceps skinfold of primary school children in England and Scotland in 1972 and 1981 were compared. Children of both sexes aged 5 to 11 years were taller in 1981 than in 1972. The median triceps skinfold and the percentage of children above the 90th centile of the 1972 distribution also increased, more consistently in boys than in girls. Children with fathers who were unemployed at the time of the survey were taller in 1981 than were the corresponding group in 1972. The difference in height between children whose fathers were unemployed and those who were employed was less in 1981 than it was in 1972, significantly in girls and almost significantly in boys. These findings illustrate that this surveillance system in the UK can document changes in the pattern of growth of children over a short period of time.

Body Height↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enlargement of the frontal sinus.

The enlargement of the frontal sinus has been analysed in a longitudinal study of 49 males and 47 females for whom a first lateral cephalogram was available at from 2 to 5 years of age for 88 subjects and from 6 to 11 years for 8 subjects. Thereafter the cephalograms were taken at approximately yearly intervals and in 28 subjects a last cephalogram was taken at 24 years or older. In only six subjects was enlargement of the sinus still proceeding at the time of the last cephalogram . The enlargement was assessed by a standardized measurement of the maximum vertical height of the sinus. The median age for the first appearance of the frontal sinus was 3 X 25 years for the boys and 4 X 58 years for the girls. It enlarged on average to 32 X 60 mm (SD 9 X 10) in the males and 26 X 60 mm (SD 7 X 50) in the females. The median age at which the main increase in size of the sinus ceased was 15 X 68 years for boys and 13 X 72 years for girls, thus suggesting that the enlargement of the frontal sinus, a mainly osteoclastic activity, follows very closely the trends for growth in bone lengths.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Menarcheal age in Cumbria.

A survey of age at menarche in north-west England, how it is affected by family environment and how it affects physique, was carried out on a large sample of schoolgirls in Cumbria. Age at menarche shows no independent effect of social class, but is strongly influenced by family size and also partly by position in family. Similar results emerge from analyses of the status quo and recall data. Menarcheal status differences remain associated with pronounced differences in height and weight when all other variables are held constant, and there is a slight suggestion that the effect diminishes the later the age at which menarche occurs.

Adolescent↗