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Biomedical subjects

S Chhabra

Publications and source records attributed to S Chhabra.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Novel approaches to female sexual dysfunction.

Female sexual dysfunction is age-related, progressive and highly prevalent, affecting 30 - 50% of American women. While there are emotional and relational elements to sexual function, it has become increasingly evident that female sexual dysfunction can occur secondary to medical problems and has an organic basis. A plethora of different female sexual dysfunctions exist and in order to obtain a greater understanding of the possible treatments for these problems, it is essential to have a strong knowledge base of female pelvic anatomy, the neurogenic mediators of female sexual response, the impact of hormones on female sexual function and the aetiologies of female sexual dysfunction. Currently, there are potential therapeutic options for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction and these options include both hormonal and pharmacological therapy. However, therapeutic agents may not prove to be enough and the ideal approach to female sexual dysfunction is thus a collaborative effort between therapists and physicians, which should include a complete medical and psychosocial evaluation, as well as inclusion of the partner or spouse in the evaluation and treatment process.

Clitoris↗
PubMed2000

New variotin analogues from Aspergillus viridi-nutans.

Besides the antifungal agents variotin (1), wasabidienone B(0) (4), and phomaligin A (5), two new but inactive metabolites, viriditin (2) and O-methylviriditin (3), were isolated from extracts of the culture filtrate of liquid cultures of a strain of Aspergillus viridi-nutans. In addition, wasabidienone B(1) (6) was isolated and characterized by spectroscopy.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2000

Obstructed labour - a preventable entity.

We present a clinical study of 204 cases of obstructed labour admitted over a period of 5 years between 1991-92 and 1996-97 in a rural institute in central India. They constituted 1.9% of births. Seventy-one per cent of the cases were from the rural area (similar to the overall patient population in this hospital), 31.4% women were primigravidae. Of the subjects, 64.7% were between 20 and 29 years. Malpresentation was the cause in 53.2%, followed by cephalopelvic disproportion, in 41.1%. Intraoperative incomplete rupture was detected in 5.9% cases. The commonest maternal morbidity was intraoperative extension of uterine incision at the time of caesarean section, mostly lateral (14.0%). Of the women, 12.5% had intrapartum or postpartum sepsis. The perinatal mortality was 160/1000. There was no maternal mortality. Timely diagnosis of malpresentation, pelvic contraction and use of a partogram at all levels could have prevented obstructed labour. In these unfortunate situations, judicious selection of subjects for caesarean section is appropriate, avoiding heroic vaginal procedures even with a dead baby. Infection devitalises tissues and attempts at vaginal delivery may be dangerous.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Identification of human sperm antigen recognized by serum of an immunoinfertile woman: a candidate for immunocontraception.

PROBLEM: It has been well documented that antisperm antibodies can be causative factors of infertility. In this study we have identified an antigen on human sperm surface using serum of an immunoinfertile woman; it is thus a candidate for immunocontraception. METHOD: Thirty-three women of reproductive age who were infertile were screened for presence of antisperm antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence and agglutination assay. The serum of one such woman, SU-4, reacted with her husband's as well as normal donor sperm and recognized a band of apparent molecular weight of 71-kDa on Western blot. Anti-71-kDa antiserum was raised in rabbit by eluting 71-kDa protein and was characterized by agglutination test, immunofluorescence assay, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and sperm-egg interaction in mouse system. RESULTS: Interestingly, sera raised in rabbit against 71-kDa antigen, was identified by immunoinfertile serum of SU-4, revealed similar results of localization of human acrosome. Anti-71-kDa antibodies showed cross-reactivity with other species of sperm, demonstrated inhibition of sperm attachment to oocytes in an in vitro mouse system, and revealed surface binding of human live sperm by flow cytometry. Transmission electron microscopy documented the presence of 71-kDa antigen in the acrosomal compartment. CONCLUSION: This study has put in evidence an antigen of apparent molecular weight of 71-kDa in all donor sperm tested in this study. The presence of this antigen on the sperm of several species will enable us to determine the efficacy of this antigen in controlling fertility in vivo in both rodents and primates. This antigen may be a candidate for immunocontraception.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Some medico-socio-demographic factors and intra-uterine growth retardation.

In the present prospective pilot study an attempt has been made to find out the correlation between some maternopaternal factors (demographic, socio-economic and medical) that suggest a high risk for intra-uterine growth retardation. The mean height and booking weight of women in study group were significantly less than the height and weight of women in control group (p < 0.001 for both). The mean paternal height and weight were also significantly less in the study group as against controls (p < 0.05 for and p < 0.01 respectively). In the study group 54.54% of women consumed less than 1500 calories/day as compared to 32.72% in the controls (statistically significant difference, (p < 0.01). The mean haemoglobin was significantly lower in the study cases (8.1 g/dl) as compared to controls (9.6 g/dl) (p < 0.001). The mean platelet count in study cases (1.64 +/- 0.34 lac/cmm) was significantly lower than that in the controls (2.08 +/- 0.25 lac/cmm) (p < 0.001). The rate of instrumental vaginal delivery, emergency caesarean section for foetal distress, incidence of intrapartum foetal distress, and number of babies with low Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were significantly more in the study group (p < .05 and p < 0.001 respectively for operative delivery and Apgar scores).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Dosimetry of O6-methylguanine in rat DNA after low-dose, chronic exposure to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Implications for the mechanism of NDMA hepatocarcinogenesis.

Groups of female Wistar Furth/NCr rats, aged 6 weeks or 7 months at the start of the experiment, were administered drinking water containing N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) for up to 28 days at concentrations in the range 0.2-2.64 p.p.m., resulting in daily intakes in the range 28-372 micrograms/kg/day at age 10 weeks. The levels of the premutagenic DNA adduct O6-methylguanine (O6-meG) in liver and blood leukocyte DNA were measured at different times during this exposure as well as on the days immediately following cessation of exposure. The adduct was found to accumulate rapidly in both tissues, reaching within 2-7 days steady states in the range 0.08-0.45 mumol/molG, similar in young and adult animals. Accumulation of O6-meG in blood leukocytes was approximately 30% lower than in the liver. Following cessation of NDMA treatment, adducts were lost rapidly from the DNA of both tissues, with an apparent t1/2 of approximately 19-23 h for the liver and 30-35 h for blood leukocytes. No change in liver O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) took place throughout this treatment. The steady-state adduct levels were approximately linearly related to NDMA dose-rate, except that a clear break (corresponding to a 2.6-fold lower slope) was observed at dose rates > 0.4 p.p.m. (approximately 56 micrograms/kg/day). This dose-response relationship is in contrast to the sharp increase in the liver tumour induction in rats chronically treated with similar concentrations of NDMA reported by Peto et al. (Cancer Res., 51, 6415-6451) and suggests that accumulation of O6-meG cannot by itself account for the hepatocarcinogenic efficacy of NDMA in the rat. Following i.g. administration of single doses of NDMA in a range approximately corresponding to the daily intake during the above mentioned chronic exposure study (25, 50 or 100 micrograms/kg), repair of O6-meG followed sharply biphasic kinetics in both liver and blood leukocytes. In the liver, an initial rapid phase (t1/2 approximately 1.5-1.7 h) was followed by much slower repair (t1/2 approximately 20.7-24.9 h) despite the absence of any change in AGT. Extrapolation of the two segments of the repair kinetics plots back to 0 time suggests that approximately 52-61% of the adducts originally formed in the liver and 33-35% of those formed in blood leukocytes belonged to the rapidly repaired category.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Cervical status as a predictor of preterm labour.

A study was conducted on 140 pregnant women at and after 28 weeks of pregnancy for finding out the relationship of cervical length and position with onset of preterm labour. Incidence of preterm labour was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in women with central position of cervix (54.67%) than that with posterior position of cervix (10.77%). Onset of preterm delivery was closely related to cervical length of 2.5 cm or less irrespective of central (82.75%) or posterior (20%) position of cervix (p < 0.001).

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Amphiphilic and hydrophilic domains of human sperm membrane antigens recognized by immunoinfertile sera.

Selected sera from married couples with immunological infertility were used to identify antigens on hydrophilic and amphiphilic domains of human sperm membrane. Out of eight sera, six recognized proteins from the hydrophilic as well as amphiphilic regions of the sperm membrane. Sera were either reactive to acrosome or to equator and tail of human sperms in indirect immunofluorescence assay.

Acrosome↗
PubMed1992

Caesarean sections in developing and developed countries.

A clinical study of 1086 cases of caesareans done in the period 1987-1991 in a rural institute is presented with a review of the latest data from India and elsewhere. Of the women, 86.19% were between 20 and 30 years; 43.83% were primigravidas. The most common indications were obstructed labour and malpresentations. 17.76% of the emergency and 14.64% of registered obstetric admissions resulted in caesarean delivery. The status of caesarean births is very different in developed and developing countries though both face the problem of its very high incidence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Midtrimester termination of pregnancy--search for a better method continues.

Every day a new method of termination of second trimester pregnancy clearly indicates that we have still not found a simple, safe, effective and economic method of termination of pregnancy in second trimester. Present study of 855 cases aims at searching out something better from available modalities. Age old hypertonic saline and ethacridine lactate were used with adjuvants like hyaluronidase and a preparation containing isapgol husk to reduce injection abortion interval and failures. Life threatening dangers of hypertonic saline are known. Ethacridine lactate seems to be safe. By giving it intra-amniotically with these adjuvants its major disadvantages could be minimised. There was no mortality. However, there was morbidity in the series.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1985

The treatment of scriptophobia by in vivo exposure and cognitive restructuring.

A 23-year-old woman with a debilitating fear of signing her name in public was treated in 8 weeks and six treatment sessions using graded exposure in vivo and cognitive restructuring. Progress was maintained in all settings, at home and at work and when the patient was unaccompanied. Treatment gains were maintained at 6-month and 2-year follow-ups.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Annual cluster (pulse) immunization experience in villages near Sevagram, India.

This simple study was undertaken in a 'Third World' rural area to find an appropriate strategy for mass vaccination. The low priority given to preventive health requirements, coupled with a lack of awareness of possible benefits, inaccessibility of vaccination facilities and misconceptions about vaccination, prevent poor, illiterate villagers from reaping these benefits. The 'cluster approach', utilizing locally available manpower, has been attempted. Availability of an immunization facility, free of charge, in a village, when required proved essential for wide coverage. Some 75.2% of children received three doses of polio vaccine, and 43.22% received five doses, in a total of five visits. With an additional (6th) visit, the figures rose to 80.66% receiving three doses and 55.06% receiving five doses. Results with single dose measles vaccine reached 95%. The reasons for defaulters have been investigated and remedial measures suggested. For five doses of polio vaccine the total man-hour requirement was 79 h, of which skilled manpower was employed for only 3 h, while the major share (33 h) fell to the village-level health worker. We consider that the 'cluster approach' is replicable and that it produces satisfactory results.

Child↗