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Biomedical subjects

S Chaudhari

Publications and source records attributed to S Chaudhari.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Somatostatin receptors in primary human breast cancer: quantitative analysis of mRNA for subtypes 1--5 and correlation with receptor protein expression and tumor pathology.

Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) have been identified in most hormone-producing tumors as well as in breast cancer. In the present study, we determined SSTR1-5 expression in primary ductal NOS breast tumors through semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. The results from the analysis of 98 samples were correlated with several key histological markers and receptor expression. All five SSTR subtypes are variably expressed at the mRNA level in breast tumors with 91% of samples showing SSTR1, 98% SSTR2, 96% SSTR3, 76% SSTR4, and 54% SSTR5. SSTR1-5 are localized to both tumor cells and the surrounding peritumoral regions as detected by immunocytochemistry. Levels of SSTR mRNA, when corrected for beta-actin levels, were highest for SSTR3 followed by SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR5, and SSTR4. Furthermore, there was good correlation between mRNA and protein expression with 84% for SSTR1, 79% for SSTR2, 89% for SSTR3, 68% for SSTR4, 68% for SSTR5, and 78% for all five receptors. SSTR1, 2 and 4 were correlated with ER levels whereas SSTR2 showed an additional correlation with PR levels. These correlations were independent of patient age and histological grade. Moreover, using immunocytochemistry, blood vessels exhibited receptor-specific localization for SSTR2 and SSTR5. Our results indicate significant correlations between mRNA and protein expression along with receptor-specific correlations with histological markers as well as ER and PR levels. Differential distribution of SSTR subtypes in tumors and receptor-specific expression in vascular structures may be considered as a novel diagnosis for breast tumors with receptor subtype agonists.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Treatment of petrochemical wastewater by rotating biological contactor.

A laboratory scale study has been conducted to assess the efficiency of rotating biological contactor (RBC) to treat the synthetic wastewater from a petrochemical industry producing acrylonitrile. The attached biomass was acclimatised by gradually increasing cyanide concentration from 5 to 40 mg l(-1) with simultaneous increase in the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N). During acclimatization COD removal varied between 80-88 percent (%) while cyanide removal was more than 99%. The RBC was operated at varying hydraulic loading rates from 0.011 to 0.027 m3 m(-2) d(-1). The performance of the RBC was monitored for various parameters like COD, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand at 20-degree centigrade (degrees C) [BOD5], cyanide, ammonium nitrogen etc., for all hydraulic loadings. At all hydraulic loadings the cyanide removal remained more than 99%. The removals obtained in terms of percentage, for cyanide, COD, BOD5 and NH4+-N were greater than (>) 99, 95.2, 99.1 and 77, respectively at hydraulic loading of 0.011 m3 m(-2) d(-1). The effect of substrate/cyanide ratio on the performance of the process at five different ratios, 100/1, 80/1, 60/1, 40/1 and 20/1, showed more than 99% cyanide removal at ratio 20/1. The effect of COD/nitrogen (N) ratio was studied at four different ratios, 12/1, 10/1, 8/1 and 6/1, showed cyanide removal remained unaffected. The variation of biomass concentration within the system was also studied.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of natural coagulants for direct filtration.

In the present study surjana (Moringa oleifera) seed, maize (Zea mays) and chitosan were used in direct filtration of Bilaoli lake water and evaluated for their efficiency in removing turbidity and microorganisms from water. The experiments with these natural coagulants gave filtered water turbidity less than or almost equal to 1NTU and thereby met the turbidity criteria for drinking water as per WHO guidelines. Bilaoli lake water had low ionic strength and low turbidity which represents one of the most difficult raw waters to treat, but natural coagulants in direct filtration achieved good filtrate quality. The head loss development across the filter bed with chitosan was more than that of alum, while with maize it was comparable to that of alum. With M. oleifera seeds the head loss was much less in comparison to alum. The average most probable number (MPN) reductions obtained with M. oleifera seeds, maize and chitosan were 97.35%, 95.4% and 87.1% respectively, whereas, with alum it was only 7.7%.

Chitin↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) for biological nutrient removal from simulated wastewater containing glucose as carbon source.

In general, conventional activated sludge (ASP) or enhanced biological phosphorus removing (EBPR) sludge has been used as seed culture for developing EBPR sludge and the time reported for development varies from months to year. In the present study cow-dung has been used as seed culture and EBPR sludge was developed within 36 days. The developed EBPR sludge has been used to evaluate the performance of sequential batch reactor (SBR) and sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBR) for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater containing glucose as carbon source. Three reactors were operated, SBR-1 containing only suspended biomass, SBBR-2 and SBBR-3 containing 5% and 10% polyurethane foam (PUF) media respectively along with suspended biomass. In all the reactors phosphorus removal was nearly the same and was more than 80%. In all the three reactors greater than 90% nitrification was achieved. Nitrogen removal in SBR-1 was 48% and in SBBR-2 and SBBR-3 it was more than 62%. On line monitoring of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), pH and phosphorus during a cycle indicated that ORP and pH can be useful for real time control and optimization of the process.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Changes in haemolymph constituents of American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), infected with nucleopolyhedrovirus.

Six types of haemocytes viz., prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes (round, fusiform, vermiform and spindle shaped), granular cells, spherule cells, oenocytoids and adipohaemocytes were found in the haemolymph of larvae of American bollworm H. armigera. The total and differential haemocyte counts (THC and DHC) in H. armigera haemolymph were affected by nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) treatment. There was a general decrease in THC in response to NPV treatment in both young and old larvae. However the decrease was more apparent in 5 and 8 day old larvae than in 10 day old larvae. The differential haemocytes showed less of granular cells and more of spherule cells and prohaemocytes in the old larvae. Plasmatocytes and granular cells in 10 day old larvae initially phagocytosed polyhedra; however, disintegrated after 3 to 4 hr. The haemolymph of NPV treated larvae melanized slowly particularly in old larvae. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity decreased positively with granular cells and oenocytoids in 10 day old treated larvae. Cellular fraction had high level of PO activity, which was transferred to plasma in response to NPV infection in the older larvae. The role of NPV pathogenesis vis-à-vis immunity in insect is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Mortality and morbidity in high risk infants during a six year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To study the mortality and morbidity in high risk infants after discharge from the hospital. DESIGN: Prospective, 6 year follow up. SETTING: High Risk Clinic (HRC). METHODS: Infants discharged from a Neonatal Special Care Unit were identified for follow up using predetermined risk criteria. Home visits were made by the social worker, if appointments to HRC were missed. Verbal autopsy was performed in case of home deaths. Intercurrent illnesses and rehospitalizations were recorded. At six years, the children who had come for the final assessment at 30 months on the Bayley Scales, were recalled for assessment of the intelligence quotient, by Stanford-Binet Scale. RESULTS: Four hundred and four high risk infants and eighty six controls were enrolled. There were 40 deaths in the study period, out of which 38 occurred in the first year of life, sixty per cent of these occurring in the first three months. The mortality was significantly higher in the VLBW group. Out of the 22 hospital deaths, 72.7% were due to infection. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in the mortality rate between the group which attended the HRC regularly (6.4%) as compared to that of the defaulters (27.6%). Ninety five children had rehospitalization in the High Risk group as compared to two in the control group (p < 0.001). In the 286 children who were assessed at 6 years, the incidence of borderline intelligence was 14.6% as compared to 5.6% in the controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Mortality and rehospitalization rate is high in high risk infants, after discharge from the hospital. Children who appear to have normal development in the third year, may show a high incidence (14.6%) of borderline intelligence at six years.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Pune low birth weight study--a six year follow up.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intelligence, visuo-motor perception, emotional problems and preschool skills in low birth weight (LBW) infants and the impact of social and environmental factors on their development. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: Infants discharged from a Neonatal Special Care Unit of a referral hospital with birth weight less than 2000 g followed up in the High Risk Clinic. METHODS: Low birth weight infants were assessed by Stanford Binet Scales of intelligence, Bender Gestalt Test for visuo-motor perception, Human Figure Drawing for emotional indicators and occupational therapy assessment. A detailed evaluation of their environment and socio-economic status was done. Hearing and ophthalmic assessment was also done and the school progress report was scrutinized. RESULTS: Two hundred and one LBW and seventy one control children were assessed. The mean IQ of LBW children was within normal limits (94.3), though significantly lower than controls (101.3). Preterm SGA children had the lowest mean IQ. Visuo-motor perception and preschool skills and language development was poorer in LBW children. There was no difference in the emotional indicators. Thirteen per cent of LBW children had borderline IQ, as compared to 5.6% in controls (p<0.05). Mother's education and spaciousness of the house had a positive impact and chronic medical problems had a negative impact on the IQ. CONCLUSIONS: The mean IQ of LBW children was within normal limits. The incidence of children with borderline intelligence (IQ 70-85) was significantly higher than controls. Mother's education had a positive impact on the intelligence of the children. A longer follow up is necessary to identify "slow learners".

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1998

Clinical predictors of outcome in hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in term neonates.

Thirty-eight full-term infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy were followed up prospectively to determine simple predictors of outcome at 1 year. Three predictors of outcome, based on clinical examination alone, were evaluated. These were presence of seizures, grading of encephalopathy and neurobehavioural assessment at discharge from the hospital. Development was assessed using the Bayley scales of infant development, and a mental and motor quotient below 85 was considered to be delayed development. At 1 year, 15 infants showed delayed development; five of them had cerebral palsy. Predictive values were determined for each indicator. Seizures per se did not affect the outcome. All infants with mild encephalopathy were normal. The predictive value of moderate-to-severe encephalopathy was 50%. Abnormal neurobehaviour at the age of 7 days or at discharge, if earlier, was found to be the best predictor of outcome with a predictive value of 91.6%.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1997

Early predictors of neurodevelopmental outcome in high risk infants.

OBJECTIVE: To find out a few simple and easily elicitable items at three and six months of age that can predict neurodevelopmental outcome at one year in high risk babies. DESIGN: One year longitudinal follow up study. SETTING: Hospital based study including inborn and outborn infants discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of a referral hospital, followed up in a High Risk Clinic. METHODS: Sixty high risk babies were followed up longitudinally for a period of one year. A detailed neurodevelopmental examination was done with special attention to the following items-axillary suspension, head support, social smile, disappearance of primitive reflexes and neurobehavior at three months age while pull to sit, rolling over, sitting momentarily without support, transfer of objects and voluntary reach were evaluated at six months age. Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Baroda Norms) was used for assessing the outcome at one year. RESULTS: Babies with absence of social smile, abnormal neurobehavior at three months and absent pulling to sit position, absent voluntary reach, and absent transfer of objects, remained delayed at one year. The specificity of each of these items was 100%. These items had a positive predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Inability to achieve social smile and abnormal neurobehavior at three months age and absence of pulling to sit position, transfer of objects and voluntary reach at six months age, warrant early intervention. These items are easy to elicit, do not require any special kit or elaborate training. Hence these items can be tested even by those working at the primary level or in office practice.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1997

Growth and development of twins compared with singletons at ages one and four years.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the growth and development of twins with normal control singletons and also with matched 'high risk' singletons, at one and four years of age. DESIGN: A four year prospective follow up study. SETTING: High risk clinic (HRC) of a referral hospital. SUBJECTS: Twin pairs enrolled in the HRC; normal full term singleton controls; and high risk "matched" singletons enrolled in the HRC. METHODS: The height, weight and head circumference was measured at one and four years. Development was assessed at 1 year using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. At 4 years, the intelligence quotient was determined by the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale. RESULTS: Forty two twins and an equal number of controls were assessed at one year. All the twins weighed less than 2 kg at birth. They lagged behind in all three parameters of growth, namely, height, weight and head circumference. AT 4 years, 24 twins came for follow up. Although, they had caught up for head circumference, they lagged behind in height and weight, particularly the group of fourteen SGA twins. The growth parameters of LBW twins and LBW matched singletons did not show any significant difference. At one year, the development of twins was within normal limits although the motor quotients were significantly lower than that of controls. At 4 years, the intelligence quotients of twins were well within normal limits. CONCLUSIONS: Twins were lighter and shorter than controls at four years, particularly the SGA twins. The growth parameters of LBW twins and LBW matched singletons showed no significant difference. The intelligence of twins was normal at four years.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Neurologic sequelae in high risk infants--a three year follow up.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the neurologic sequelae in high risk infants. DESIGN: A three year longitudinal follow up. SETTING: Inborn and outborn infants discharged from the Neonatal Special Care Unit (NSCU) of a referral hospital. METHODS: High risk infants were identified for follow up using predetermined risk criteria. A detailed neurodevelopmental examination was done 3 monthly in the first year and 6 monthly subsequently. The Amiel-Tison Method, Bayley Scales of Infant Development and Raval's Scale for social maturity were used. EEG was done in children with seizures. Hearing and ophthalmic assessments were done at 6 months. RESULTS: Three hundred and thirty six high risk infants and 70 normal control infants came for regular follow up. Out of these, 16 (4.8%) had cerebral palsy and 11 had associated mental retardation. Six other children had mental retardation without motor problems. None of the children in the control group had any neurological problems. Sensorineural hearing loss was present in 5 (1.5%) children while 1 subject had corfical blindness. Three children with cerebral palsy had infantile myoclonus, nine had generalized seizures and one child had a focal seizure. The incidence of seizure disorders was 3.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of major handicap in our study was low. Many of the risk factors which caused adverse outcome, could have been prevented by good antenatal and perinatal care.

Child Development↗
PubMed1995

Ultrasonography of the brain in preterm infants and its correlation with neurodevelopmental outcome.

Two hundred and eighteen preterm neonates had ultrasonography (USG) brain done on third, and/or seventh and fourteenth day of life. Fifty eight (26.3%) had intraventricular/ periventricular hemorrhage, 3 had parenchymal lesions. 46 had Grade I hemorrhage, 9 had Grade II, 2 had Grade III and 1 had Grade IV hemorrhage. Grade III and IV hemorrhages occurred in neonates below 34 weeks gestation. There was an inverse relationship between gestation age and hemorrhage (p = 0.0001). A comparison of incidence of hemorrhage between preterms who were appropriate for gestational age was not significant. Out of the 63 neonates who had serial USGs on the third and seventh day of life, 15 of the 16 bleeds (94%) were detected on the third day itself, indicating it to be a opportune time for doing an USG. USG at term (40 weeks postconceptual age) was done in 99 infants to see if it could correctly predict the neurodevelopmental outcome using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Out of these 99 infants, 72 came for the developmental assessment at one year. One neonate who had periventricular leucomalacia with cystic changes on USG at term, was grossly abnormal with cerebral palsy and mental retardation. Six infants showed delayed development with a mean mental development quotient of 79.1 +/- 1.72 at 2 years. The specificity of USG at term for predicting outcome was 89.2% and negative predictive outcome was 90%, indicating that a normal USG at term predicted a good neurodevelopmental outcome.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
PubMed1992

Effects of Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxic culture supernatant on bovine neutrophil aggregation.

Pasteurella haemolytica A1 leukotoxic culture supernatant was evaluated for its ability to cause aggregation of bovine peripheral neutrophils. Neutrophils were isolated by a hypotonic lysis method and incubated with zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP), leukotoxic culture supernatant, antileukotoxin serum, calcium and magnesium-free media, p-bromophenacyl bromide and protein kinase C inhibitors. Aggregation was evaluated by changes in infrared light transmittance. Leukotoxic culture supernatant caused neutrophils to aggregate, and this effect was significantly removed by preincubation with antileukotoxin serum. Aggregation to ZAP and leukotoxin was dependent on the presence of extra-cellular calcium. Activation of protein kinase C by phorbol myristate acetate induced aggregation which was reduced by staurosporine; however, aggregation to leukotoxin did not involve protein kinase C activation. Phospholipase A2 inhibition did not alter the aggregation response to ZAP or to leukotoxin. The in vitro measurement of neutrophil aggregation induced by the leukotoxin of P. haemolytica reflects cytoskeletal and other activation events that may contribute to the intense inflammatory process which this organism induces in the lungs of cattle.

Acetophenones↗
PubMed1991

A longitudinal follow up of development of preterm infants.

A prospective study was undertaken to determine the development of preterm (PT) babies (gestation less than 37 weeks). One hundred and seventy two preterm babies and 36 control babies were followed up for a period of 18-24 months. Psychomotor development was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 months, using the corrected or post conceptional age. Preterm babies, as a group, caught up with normal babies between 18-24 months, both on the motor and mental scale. Higher the birth weight, better was the mean motor development quotient at 18 months. Uncomplicated preterm babies showed higher mean development quotients at 18 months than preterm babies with additional complications and they also caught up earlier (12-18 months) than the latter group who caught up between 18-24 months. Similarly, PT appropriate for gestational age (AGA) babies showed, earlier 'catch up' than PT small for gestational age (SGA) babies. The incidence of cerebral palsy was low (4%).

Birth Weight↗