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S Carlsson

Publications and source records attributed to S Carlsson.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Would prostate cancer detected by screening with prostate-specific antigen develop into clinical cancer if left undiagnosed? A comparison of two population-based studies in Sweden.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of over-diagnosing and over-treating prostate cancer if population-based screening with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is instituted. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From a serum bank stored in 1980, PSA was analysed in 658 men with no previously known prostate cancer from a well-defined cohort from Göteborg, Sweden (men born in 1913); the incidence of clinical prostate cancer was registered until 1995. From the same area, and with the same selection criteria, another cohort of 710 men born in 1930-31, who in 1995 accepted an invitation for PSA screening, was also analysed. RESULTS: Of men born in 1913, 18 (2.7%) had died from prostate cancer and the cumulative probability of being diagnosed with clinical prostate cancer was 11.1% (5.0% in those with a PSA level of < 3 ng/mL vs 32.9% in those with a PSA level of > 3 ng/mL, P < 0.01). The mean lead-time from increased PSA (> 3 ng/mL) to clinical diagnosis was 7 years. The prostate cancer detection rate in men born in 1930-31 was 4.4% (22% among those with increased PSA levels) and 30 of 31 detected cancers were clinically localized. CONCLUSIONS: Screening and sextant biopsies resulted in a lower detection rate (22%) than the cumulative risk of having clinical prostate cancer (33%) in men with increased PSA levels, indicating that under-diagnosis rather than over-diagnosis is the case at least with 'one-time' screening. Even if the stage distribution in screening-detected cancers seems promising (and thus may result in reduced mortality) it is notable that screening 67-year-old men will result in treatment a mean of 7 years before clinical symptoms occur and only one in four men anticipated to develop prostate cancer will die from the disease within 15 years. Large randomized screening trials seem mandatory to further explore the benefits and hazards of PSA screening.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Alcohol consumption, Type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in middle-aged Swedish men.

AIMS: To investigate the association between alcohol consumption and impaired glucose tolerance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study consisting of 3,128 Swedish men, aged 35-56 years. Oral glucose tolerance testing identified 55 cases of Type 2 diabetes and 172 cases of impaired glucose tolerance. Information on alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes, smoking and physical activity was obtained by questionnaire. RESULTS: After adjustment for family history, smoking, physical activity and body mass index, the odds ratio of diabetes was 2.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-4.5) in men with high consumption of alcohol (corresponding to over 12 drinks per week) and 0.7 (0.3-1.8) in moderate consumers (7-12 drinks), compared to occasional drinkers. For impaired glucose tolerance, the corresponding odds ratios were 0.7 (0.5-1.1) and 0.6 (0.4-1.0), respectively. Separate analyses for type of beverage indicated that high consumers of beer, spirits and wine had an odds ratio for diabetes of 2.9 (1.2-6.9), 3.3 (1.4-7.8) and 1.2 (0.5-2.7), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that high consumption of alcohol increases the occurrence of Type 2 diabetes and that this may primarily concern consumption of beer and spirits. For impaired glucose tolerance, regular alcohol consumption was associated with a reduced prevalence, particularly at moderate levels.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Transvaginal ultrasonography of the endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding: is it always necessary to perform an endometrial biopsy?

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate whether it was possible to abstain from performing an endometrial biopsy when endometrial thickness according to transvaginal ultrasonography was </=4 mm in women with postmenopausal bleeding or irregular bleeding during hormone replacement therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Transvaginal ultrasonography was performed in 361 women aged >/=50 years who were referred because of postmenopausal bleeding or irregular bleeding during hormone replacement therapy. If endometrial thickness was </=4 mm, a Papanicolaou cervical smear was performed and the woman was reexamined with transvaginal ultrasonography after 4 and 12 months. Subjects were also instructed to return if they had recurrent bleeding, in which case transvaginal ultrasonography was performed and an endometrial biopsy specimen was obtained. Women with an endometrial thickness >/=5 mm underwent either curettage or endometrial biopsy. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-three women had an endometrial thickness </=4 mm. In this group one endometrial cancer that was missed by ultrasonography was diagnosed by cervical cytologic examination and two adnexal malignancies were diagnosed by ultrasonography. Endometrial malignancy was diagnosed in 0.6% of the women with an endometrial thickness </=4 mm. Endometrial biopsy was performed because of recurrent bleeding in 6.1% of cases and because of endometrial thickening in 8.1%. No cancer or hyperplasia was subsequently diagnosed among the women with an endometrial thickness </=4 mm. Endometrial cancer was diagnosed in 18.7% of the women with an endometrial thickness >/=5 mm. The corresponding figure when atypical hyperplasia and endometrial metastases were included was 20. 2%. CONCLUSION: If the false-negative rate of endometrial biopsy techniques is taken into account, then the combination of transvaginal ultrasonography and cervical cytologic examination is an adequate form of management for women with postmenopausal bleeding or irregular bleeding during hormone replacement therapy as long as endometrial thickness is </=4 mm. A randomized prospective study is necessary to verify this finding.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1999

Antithrombotic effects and bleeding time of thrombin inhibitors and warfarin in the rat.

Warfarin limits the synthesis of y-glutamyl carboxylated forms of coagulation factors, factor II, factor VII, factor IX, and factor X, protein C, and protein S and as a result impairs the function of these proteins. In contrast, direct inhibitors of thrombin only affect one enzyme in the coagulation cascade. The aim of this study was to investigate the antithrombotic effect and the slope of the dose-response curves of the multifactorial coagulation inhibitor warfarin in comparison with the single factor low-molecular-weight thrombin inhibitors melagatran and inogatran. An arterial thrombosis model in rats was used, and vessel damage was induced by topical application of ferric chloride to the carotid artery. The slopes of the dose-response curves were 3.6, 1.8, 1.1, and 1.2, for warfarin, heparin, inogatran, and melagatran, respectively. For warfarin the antithrombotic effect increased from 23% to 81% when the dose was doubled. In contrast, 10-fold increases in the doses of inogatran and melagatran were necessary to obtain a similar increase in antithrombotic effect. The doses needed to obtain 80% antithrombotic effect for heparin, warfarin, and melagatran were investigated in a tail transection bleeding model. For heparin, this dose significantly prolonged the bleeding time and the blood loss; for warfarin, only the total bleeding time was increased while for melagatran there was no increase in bleeding. We conclude that, thrombin inhibitors affecting only one enzyme in the coagulation cascade seem preferable to inhibitors affecting multiple enzymes, such as warfarin, due to shallower dose-response curves and a wider therapeutic interval.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Family history of diabetes in middle-aged Swedish men is a gender unrelated factor which associates with insulinopenia in newly diagnosed diabetic subjects.

We have investigated the association of a family history of diabetes with glucose tolerance in a population of Swedish men. All men 35-54 years of age in 1992 and living in four different local municipalities of the outer Stockholm area were screened by questionnaire. From 10236 completed questionnaires 1622 men, selected for presence of such a history but without known diabetes, as well as 1507 men without a family history underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes (2 h-plasma glucose levels > 11.0 mmol/l) was detected in 55 and impaired glucose tolerance (plasma glucose levels 7.8-11.0 mmol/l) in 172 subjects. The odds ratio of diabetes, associated with a family history, was 4.1, confidence interval 2.1-8.3 and for impaired glucose tolerance 1.6, confidence interval 1.2-2.3. Influence of a family history was measurable also within the range of normal 2-h glucose concentrations: compared to 2-h glucose levels < 3.8 mmol/l; the odds ratio associated with a family history was 1.4, confidence interval 1.1-1.7 and 1.3, confidence interval 1.1-1.6 for concentrations 4.8-5.7 mmol/l and 5.8-7.7 mmol/l respectively. The odds ratio of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance among men with a family history increased with number and closeness of relatives with diabetes but was not affected by the gender of the family member. Overweight (BMI > 25.0 kg/m2) increased the odds ratio of diabetes in subjects with a family history, the odds ratio being 24, confidence interval 3-177, when both conditions were present. In subjects with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus discovered during the investigation, the presence of a family history of diabetes was associated with decreased insulin secretion rather than insulin resistance as assessed by fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment, and the 2-h insulin response to the oral glucose tolerance test. We conclude that a family history of diabetes strongly but independently of gender associates with decreased glucose tolerance. Furthermore, the results are compatible with a major role for low insulin secretion in the diabetogenic influence of a family history of diabetes in middle-aged Swedish men. Lastly, the very high risk for diabetes in middle-aged men with both a family history of diabetes and obesity indicates that such people should, for the purpose of therapeutic intervention, be identified in the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Noise reduction of renograms: a new algorithm applied to simulated renograms for evaluation of the renal retention function.

Physiological information about an organ may be assessed from the retention function as derived by deconvolution analysis. However, noise in data may cause distortion of the retention curve and potentially induce methodological errors. To take full advantage of all parts of the retention function, i.e. even the vascular part, we have developed a non-linear noise reduction algorithm. The algorithm is an adaptive polynomial fit (APF) in a sliding segment over the renogram to be deconvoluted. Each segment is modelled by the lowest polynomial resulting in a root of mean square error lower than a pre-set value. APF was tested in comparison with conventional repetitive 1:2:1 smoothing and rectangular window smoothing, using a set of simulated retention functions and corresponding renograms with superimposed artificial noise. The outcome was evaluated by comparing the generated retention functions with the simulated ones. The conventional smoothing algorithms, as well as APF, induced some distortion of the retention function, but the deviation from the true retention function is essentially lower in the case of APF. In addition, APF seems to be more robust in cases of essentially reduced renal function and thereby relative high noise levels. APF reduces noise in data, leading to retention functions with reliable information in terms of a tracer's first passage, uptake and outflow.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Low birth weight, family history of diabetes, and glucose intolerance in Swedish middle-aged men.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between low birth weight and glucose intolerance in relation to family history of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of 2,237 men born in 1938-1957 in four municipalities in the outskirts of Stockholm, 50% of whom had a family history of diabetes (at least one first-degree or two second-degree relatives with diabetes). Oral glucose tolerance testing detected 35 cases of type 2 diabetes, 102 cases of impaired glucose tolerance, and 57 cases of impaired fasting glucose. RESULTS: In subjects without a family history of diabetes, low (< or = 3,000 g) birth weight was associated with an odds ratio of 2.3 (95% confidence intervals = 0.4-14.4) for diabetes, 1.8 (0.7-4.3) for impaired glucose tolerance, and 3.3 (1.0-10.4) for impaired fasting glucose. In subjects with a family history of diabetes, the corresponding figures were approximately similar, except for diabetes, for which the odds ratio was 5.4 (2.0-14.9). For men with low birth weight in combination with a family history of diabetes, the odds ratio was 10.9 (2.9-41.2) for diabetes, 2.4 (1.1-5.6) for impaired glucose tolerance, and 5.9 (2.1-16.3) for impaired fasting glucose. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that low birth weight is associated with type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glucose in men. This finding was most pronounced in subjects with diabetes in the family, but it was also indicated in those without a family history of diabetes. Men with the combination of low birth weight and family history of diabetes seem to be at particularly high risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Weight history, glucose intolerance, and insulin levels in middle-aged Swedish men.

The association between weight history and glucose intolerance was examined in a cross-sectional study consisting of 3,128 Swedish men aged 35-56 years, 52 percent of whom had a family background of diabetes mellitus. Oral glucose tolerance testing detected 55 cases of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes and 172 cases of impaired glucose tolerance. Among men with no family history of diabetes, the estimated odds ratios for impaired glucose tolerance associated with short (<5 years) and long (> or =10 years) durations of obesity (body mass index (weight (kg)/height2 (m2) > or =25.0) were 1.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-7.7) and 11.8 (95% CI 3.3-41.9), respectively. Among men with a family history of diabetes, the odds ratios were 2.0 (95% CI 0.8-4.7) and 4.0 (95% CI 1.8-9.1), respectively. Corresponding estimates of the odds of type 2 diabetes, adjusted for family history of diabetes, were 1.9 (95% CI 0.5-7.1) and 7.3 (95% CI 2.2-23.7), respectively. The odds of high (> or =30.0 mU/liter) fasting insulin levels in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance were 6.9 (95% CI 0.6-74.2) and 21.0 (95% CI 2.1-206.4) for short and long durations of obesity, respectively. Corresponding estimated odds of low 2-hour insulin response (< or =71.9 mU/liter) were 0.7 (95% CI 0.2-2.9) and 3.3 (95% CI 1.2-8.9). Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance yielded an odds ratio of 6.7 (95% CI 0.6-73.4) for a short duration of obesity and 20.0 (95% CI 2.0-200.6) for a long duration. Examination of beta-cell function with homeostasis model assessment resulted in odds ratios of 0.2 (95% CI 0.0-1.6) and 2.0 (95% CI 0.7-5.4) for short and long durations of obesity, respectively. These data indicate that obesity decreases glucose tolerance by way of progressively increased insulin resistance and, in the case of prolonged duration, by decreased insulin secretion as well.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed1998

Development of physical dependence to lorazepam in rats: the effects of repeated short treatments, dose and age.

Rats were treated with lorazepam for four days (six times 2 mg kg(-1)) at the ages of 71, 118, 163 and 210 days. Increased excitation (physical dependence) in the withdrawal period was tested several times during 14 days with hexobarbital in an EEG threshold test. Lorazepam could induce physical dependence usually with a maximum (20% of the controls) on day four of withdrawal, but the age was a critical variable. A dose-response relationship with regard to lorazepam (0.5, 1, 2 mg kg(-1)) was found at 71 days but a more complicated pattern was found at 118 days of age. The rats treated with lorazepam 2 mg kg(-1) at the ages of either 71 and 118 days were given a treatment again with lorazepam 2 mg kg(-1) three months later. Compared with age-matched untreated rats, previous drug exposure influenced the pattern of increased excitation indicating a carry-over effect even after such a recovery period.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Food frequency questionnaire versus 7-day weighed dietary record information on dietary fibre and fat intake in middle-aged Swedish men.

To study the magnitude of agreement between a short self-administered food frequency questionnaire and a 7-day weighed dietary record regarding the consumption of fibre and fat, we collected information from 92 randomly selected middle-aged Swedish men. The participants first recorded all foods and drinks consumed over seven consecutive days by means of a digital scale. One month after the 7-day weighed record had been completed, a self-administered food frequency questionnaire on habitual consumption of foods containing fibre or fat during the preceding month was sent to the subjects. The 20 largest contributors of fibre and fat in the diet accounted for 71% and 52% of the total intake, respectively, based on the 7-day weighed record. The estimated mean consumption of fibre was 19.0 grams per day based on the 7-day weighed record and 18.3 grams per day based on the food frequency questionnaire. Corresponding estimated mean consumption of fat was 88.6 grams per day versus 46.9 grams per day. Men with high physical activity and low BMI, respectively, had higher intake of fibre and fat. These differences were seen for both dietary measurement methods but were more marked using the 7-day weighed record. The agreement between methods for each individual was also assessed. Based on five categories of fibre consumption, 61% of the respondents in the highest quintile according to the 7-day weighed record were classified in one of the two highest quintiles according to the food frequency questionnaire. The corresponding figure for fat intake was 56%. We conclude that the short self-administered food frequency questionnaire used in the present study can assess the absolute intake of fibre, but not of fat, with good precision. Also, the ranking of individuals in broad categories of consumption of fibre and fat was not largely misclassified based on this short questionnaire.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Quality control program for storage of biologically banked blood specimens in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study.

A biological bank has been developed to extend the biochemical and molecular research base for a prospective study on diet and cancer in the city of Malmo, Sweden. The study entered individuals 45-69 years of age, of which 30,382 individuals (45%) participated. Each individual entering the bank has stored samples of viable mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs; -140 degrees C) and granulocytes (GRANs; -80 degrees C) or buffy coats (-140 degrees C), erythrocytes (-80 degrees C), and plasma/serum (-80 degrees C). The bioassays developed to monitor the quality of storage conditions were: (a) viability and growth response to phytohemagglutinin for MNLs; (b) DNA strand breakage for GRANs; (c) NAD content for erythrocytes; and (d) thiol status for plasma/serum. The yield, purity, and storage conditions were all quality controlled, and the samples were determined to be of high standard after 137-190 weeks of storage. No differences in yield and purity were found in samples banked by different laboratory technicians. Growth responses of MNLs were severely reduced (90%) after 40 weeks of storage, which justified switching from the storage of purified MNLs and GRANs to the more cost-effective banking of buffy coats. We conclude that the quality of the banked material, based on the biochemical analysis done, indicate that the storage conditions are optimal at least up to 3.5 years, except for the growth response of MNLs.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed1997

Urinary nitrite: more than a marker of infection.

OBJECTIVES: The bacteriostatic gas nitric oxide (NO) is formed when nitrite is acidified. Infected urine may contain considerable amounts of nitrite as a result of bacterial nitrate reductase activity, and detection of nitrite in urine is routinely used in the diagnosis of bacterial cystitis. We sought to determine whether NO was generated from acidified nitrite-containing urine. Furthermore, we also studied the growth of the urinary pathogen Escherichia coll in acidified nitrite-containing urine. METHODS: Urine, collected from healthy control subjects or from patients with infected nitrite-containing urine, was acidified and incubated in a closed syringe with varying amounts of nitrite added. After 30 minutes, the headspace gas was removed and immediately injected into a chemiluminescence NO analyzer. In addition, NO was measured in urine collected from healthy control subjects after ingestion of vitamin C. Bacterial growth was measured continuously in control urine for 10 hours after incubation for 2 hours in acidic urine with varying concentrations of nitrite added. RESULTS: Large amounts of NO were released from infected nitrite-containing urine after mild acidification. NO was also released from acidified control urine if nitrite was added, and this release was greatly potentiated in the presence of vitamin C. Furthermore, the growth of E. coli was markedly reduced by the addition of nitrite to acidified urine. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that nitrite-producing bacteria induce their own death in acidic urine by supplying substrate for generation of bacteriostatic compounds such as NO. This mechanism might explain why urinary acidification and vitamin C may be effective in the treatment of bacteriuria.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1997

The determination of the effective attenuation coefficient from effective organ depth and modulation transfer function in gamma camera imaging.

Absolute measurement of activity implies a determination of effective depths and effective attenuation coefficients. In order to define restoration filters, it is necessary to measure the transfer function, i.e. position a line source at an effective depth for the specific measurement situation. A phantom was designed which can simulate an organ with a certain thickness at a certain depth. The phantom was used to measure transfer functions and a comparison was made with transfer functions from a line source to determine effective depths. Effective attenuation coefficients were calculated for 99mTc, 111In and 201Tl for different organ thicknesses and depths of simulated organs. The effective attenuation coefficient for 99mTc was found to be 0.124 +/- 0.006 cm-1, in good agreement with previously published values. For 111In, the attenuation coefficient decreased with the depth of an organ due to the use of two energy windows in the measurements and a corresponding change in mean photon energy by depth. For 201Tl, the attenuation coefficient decreased with increasing organ thickness due to the increasing fraction of scattered radiation in the 40% energy window used. Using attenuation coefficients of 0.124, 0.184 and 0.11 cm-1 for 99mTc, 201Tl and 111In respectively, the derived equations can be used to calculate the position of a conventional line source for measurements of transfer functions for a specific organ with a certain thickness at a certain depth for definition of different types of restoration filter.

Gamma Cameras↗
PubMed1997

Digital filtering of bone scans: an ROC study.

The aims of this study were to investigate if digital filtering can increase the sensitivity and specificity of bone scans, and to find the type of filter most suitable for bone images at various count levels. We also wished to examine if filtering allows the administered activity or the examination time to be reduced, and if it is easier to detect low-contrast uptake using a digital filter. Images containing a total of 100, 350 and 1000 kcounts were acquired in a 256 x 256 matrix using a transmission phantom simulating the thoracolumbar region. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that digital filtering increases the sensitivity and specificity of bone scintigraphy. A low-pass filter for images with low statistics (100 kcounts), which contain 2-5 counts per pixel in the ribs and vertebrae respectively, and a Metz filter for images with normal (5-19 counts per pixel) to good (20-54 counts per pixel) statistics, increase the area under the ROC curve significantly (99% confidence level) compared to unfiltered images. Filtering also increases the detectability of low-contrast objects compared with unfiltered images. Digital filtering might be an alternative to raising the number of counts in the image. An alternative is to reduce the administered activity and hence the effective dose to the patient, or to reduce the examination time-which is an advantage when treating elderly patients or patients with pain.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1997

Unchanged insulin absorption after 4 days' use of subcutaneous indwelling catheters for insulin injections.

OBJECTIVE: Since 1985, we have used indwelling catheters (Insuflon, Maersk Medical, Lynge, Denmark; Chronimed, Minnetonka, MN) to lessen pain when injecting insulin. However, some patients experience a rise in blood glucose after using indwelling catheters for a few days. We therefore studied the absorption of 125I-labeled insulin when using indwelling catheters. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Five men and five women participated (age 18-25 years, C-peptide negative, HbA1c 9.0 +/- 1.0% [mean +/- SD, DCA-2000 method], diabetes duration 5-21 [median 9.5] years). After thyroid blockage with potassium iodide, we injected 5IU of 125I-labeled short-acting insulin subcutaneously in the abdomen ("ordinary injection") and 5 IU on the contralateral side through an indwelling catheter ("catheter injection"). The injection/insertion area was free of lipohyper- and lipohypotrophies. Disappearance rate was measured for 180 min with a gamma camera. The patients injected all premeal injections of short-acting insulin through the same indwelling catheter in the following 4 days. The investigation procedure was repeated day 3 and 5. RESULTS: We found no statistically or clinically (95% CI) significant difference in residual activity of 125I-insulin after 60 min or in time for 50% of the injected depot to disappear (T-50%) among catheter injections on day 1, 3, and 5; ordinary injections on days 1, 3, and 5; or catheter and ordinary injections on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively. HbA1c correlated both to T-50% (r = 0.73, P = 0.016) and residual activity of 125I-insulin after 60 min (r = 0.69, P = 0.028), indicating that patients with a slower absorption will have a less ideal metabolic control when using premeal bolus injections. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that using indwelling subcutaneous catheters for insulin injections for up to 4 days does not affect the absorption of short-acting insulin.

Absorption↗
PubMed1997

Antithrombotic effect of two low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors and a low-molecular weight heparin in a caval vein thrombosis model in the rat.

A sensitive thrombosis model with a high reproducibility was developed in the rat, utilizing stasis of the caval vein and a standardized surgical trauma as the only thrombogenic stimuli. Since no procoagulant substances were used, the results of the present study might be relevant in a clinical situation. The antithrombotic effect of two recently synthesized low-molecular-weight thrombin inhibitors have been compared to dalteparin, (Fragmin) a low-molecular-weight heparin fragment. Each compound was studied at 8 different doses with 10 rats in each group. On a gravimetric basis, the thrombin inhibitor melagatran was twice as potent as dalteparin (ED50 16 and 33 microg/kg per h, respectively). The second thrombin inhibitor, inogatran, had an intermediate effect, with an ED50 of 24 microg/kg per h. No differences in antithrombotic effect were, however, found when the compounds were compared at anticoagulant equivalent doses (same APTT prolongation). A 50% reduction in the mean thrombus weight was obtained when APTT was prolonged to 1.2 to 1.3 times the pretreatment value.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Differential responses in adrenal and renal nerves to CNS osmotic stimulation.

Hypertonic solutions act in the central nervous system (CNS) to increase mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by activation of the sympathoadrenal axis. However, adrenal nerve activity (pre- and postganglionic nerve fibers) has not been determined during central osmotic stimulation. Therefore, these experiments evaluated adrenal (AdSNA) and renal (RSNA) sympathetic nerve activity, MAP, and heart rate (HR) following CNS administration of isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic sodium chloride solutions in chloralose-anesthetized rats. Injection of isotonic saline (5 microliters) did not alter MAP, HR, RSNA, or AdSNA. However, injection of hypertonic saline (5 microliters of 0.5 M) into the anteroventral portion of the third cerebral ventricle increased MAP (12 +/- 2 mmHg) and decreased HR (16 +/- 6 bpm). In addition, hypertonic saline significantly decreased RSNA (58 +/- 5% control), whereas AdSNA increased (158 +/- 10% control). Injection of hypotonic (5 microliters of 0.05 M) NaCl produced the opposite responses in RSNA (119 +/- 7% control) and AdSNA (86 +/- 5% control) and had no significant effect on MAP or HR. Furthermore, pre- and postganglionic adrenal nerve fibers responded similarly to changes in CNS osmolality. These results demonstrate that osmotic stimulation produces differential responses in RSNA and AdSNA, but not in pre- and postganglionic adrenal nerve fibers.

Adrenal Medulla↗