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Biomedical subjects

S Campbell

Publications and source records attributed to S Campbell.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

The strategy checkup: making sure that your present is what you envisioned in the past.

Health care is changing at a pace that the industry has never seen. But health care consultant Ellen Goldman says that organizations would be wise to occasionally slow down, relax, reflect, and ask, "Are we on the right track?" She outlines her methods for a strategic checkup so health care organizations can make sure that their present is the future they planned for in the past.

Delivery of Health Care, Integrated↗
PubMed1998

Cook County enters partnerships to expand community primary care capacity.

A need for greater community access to primary care prompted the Cook County Bureau of Health Services in Chicago to seek partnerships with two private, not-for-profit hospitals. Bethany Hospital, St. Anthony Hospital and the Bureau have assessed the potential for meeting one another's needs, providing complementary components to a partnership.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Questioning the integrated vision.

Years of efforts to vertically integrate the nation's health care system hasn't yielded much in the way of lower costs, reduced utilization and increased revenues. Now, the organization that predicted a nation of fully integrated health care systems identifies five market phenomena that characterize an industry in migration and ten predictions of what will happen in the future.

Capitation Fee↗
PubMed1998

Substance use disorders in an adolescent inpatient psychiatric population.

This study examined the comorbidity of substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders in adolescent populations. The study population was comprised of 100 consecutive admissions, ages 13 to 17, to an acute care adolescent psychiatric inpatient unit for substance use disorders. Patients were assessed using the Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire (PESQ) and the substance-use disorder portion of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III-R (SCID-R). Thirty-three (33%) patients were identified as having a substance abuse or dependence diagnosis. There was no significant difference in the age between substance users and nonsubstance users. There were significantly more whites in the substance-using group. Sixty percent of all adolescents interviewed had histories of sexual or physical trauma, with trauma being significantly more common in the substance-using group. There were no significant differences in the number or type of other Axis I or Axis II diagnoses between the two groups. While substance users and nonsubstance users had no significant difference in the number of past psychiatric hospitalizations, nonsubstance users had significantly more past medical hospitalizations. These results indicate that high rates of comorbid substance abuse and psychiatric disorders exist in adolescents, and more in-depth study of comorbidity among adolescents is warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Chlamydial elementary bodies are translocated on the surface of epithelial cells.

Infection of eukaryotic cells by intracellular pathogens such as chlamydia requires attachment to the host cell surface. Chlamydia are thought to attach to the tips of microvilli in confluent monolayers of polarized cells. In vitro evidence obtained from migrating epithelial cells suggested that during healing the route of pathogen uptake might be different from that in intact epithelia. The small size of infectious chlamydial elementary bodies (approximately 0.3 microm in diameter) has made it difficult, however, to analyze the early stages of pathogen-host cell interaction in living cells by conventional microscopy. Contrast-enhanced video microscopy was therefore used to examine the earliest events of host-pathogen interaction and test the hypothesis that chlamydial uptake into the healing epithelia can involve translocation over the host cell surface. Observations made in this way were validated by scanning and immunofluorescence microscopy. These studies revealed two fates for chlamydiae taken onto the lamellipodial surface: 1) some chlamydiae were moved in a random fashion on the cell surface or were detached into the culture medium, whereas 2) other chlamydiae were translocated across the lamellipodium in a highly directed manner toward the microvillous perinuclear region. After internalization, these latter chlamydiae were found within intracellular inclusions, which demonstrated that this route of attachment and location of uptake resulted in productive growth.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed1997

Crystals of Rous sarcoma virus capsid protein show a helical arrangement of protein subunits.

Crystals of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) capsid protein diffract X rays to 3.5 A resolution and belong to the monoclinic space group C2 with unit cell parameters a = 374.4 A, b = 128.1 A, c = 200.2 A, and beta = 121.8 degrees. One asymmetric unit of the crystal may contain between 28 and 35 molecules, based on reasonable crystal density assumptions. A self-rotation function and Patterson synthesis suggest that RSV capsid protein crystallizes as a helical array. The determinants of the viral particle morphology are not encoded in the capsid alone. The assembly of a helical array in the crystal reflects the absence of any conformational switching. However, it is expected that the subunit interactions seen in the crystal will be preferred and will relate to those found in the immature or mature virion.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

A molecular redox switch on p21(ras). Structural basis for the nitric oxide-p21(ras) interaction.

We have identified the site of molecular interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and p21(ras) responsible for initiation of signal transduction. We found that p21(ras) was singly S-nitrosylated and localized this modification to a fragment of p21(ras) containing Cys118. A mutant form of p21(ras), in which Cys118 was changed to a serine residue and termed p21(ras)C118S, was not S-nitrosylated. NO-related species stimulated guanine nucleotide exchange on wild-type p21(ras), resulting in an active form, but not on p21(ras)C118S. Furthermore, in contrast to parental Jurkat T cells, NO-related species did not stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in cells transfected with p21(ras)C118S. These data indicate that Cys118 is a critical site of redox regulation of p21(ras), and S-nitrosylation of this residue triggers guanine nucleotide exchange and downstream signaling.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Control of G1 in the developing Drosophila eye: rca1 regulates Cyclin A.

In the developing eye of Drosophila melanogaster, cells become synchronized in the G1 phase of the cell cycle just prior to the onset of cellular differentiation and morphogenesis. In roughex (rux) mutants, cells enter S phase precociously because of ectopic activation of a Cyclin A/Cdk complex in early G1. This leads to defects in cell fate and pattern formation, and results in abnormalities in the morphology of the adult eye. A screen for dominant suppressors of the rux eye phenotype led to the identification of mutations in cyclin A, string (cdc25), and new cell cycle genes. One of these genes, regulator of cyclin A (rca1), encodes a novel protein required for both mitotic and meiotic cell cycle progression. rca1 mutants arrest in G2 of embryonic cell cycle 16 with a phenotype very similar to cyclin A loss of function mutants. Expression of rca1 transgenes in G1 or in postmitotic neurons promotes Cyclin A protein accumulation and drives cells into S phase in a Cyclin A-dependent fashion.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

'Vascular depression' hypothesis.

We propose that cerebrovascular disease may predispose, precipitate, or perpetuate some geriatric depressive syndromes. The "vascular depression" hypothesis is supported by the comorbidity of depression, vascular disease, and vascular risk factors and the association of ischemic lesions to distinctive behavioral symptoms. Disruption of prefrontal systems or their modulating pathways by single lesions or by an accumulation of lesions exceeding a threshold are hypothesized to be central mechanisms in vascular depression. The vascular depression concept can generate studies of clinical and heuristic value. Drugs used for the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular disease may be shown to reduce the risk for vascular depression or improve its outcomes. The choice of antidepressants in vascular depression may depend on their effect on neurologic recovery from ischemic lesions. Research can clarify the pathways to vascular depression by focusing on the site of the lesion, the resultant brain dysfunction, the presentation of depression and time of onset, and the contribution of nonbiological factors.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Retroviral transduction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 enhances endothelial attachment of bladder cancer.

An intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-negative RT4 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell line was transduced with full-length ICAM-1 cDNA via a retroviral vector. Flow cytometry showed that a sense-oriented clone (S20) highly expressed ICAM-1 while an anti-sense clone (AS6) did not. Both S20 and AS6 bound with equal frequency (30 +/- 8.7% vs 30 +/- 9.4%) to unstimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in cell attachment assays. However, when phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-activated T lymphocytes, which express lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), were cocultured with tumor cells, attachment of S20 increased twofold (60 +/- 11.9%) but AS6 showed no change (32 +/- 11%). Blocking studies with anti-LFA-1 and anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies caused an inhibition of the attachment to baseline levels, demonstrating that the enhancement of S20 attachment was dependent upon the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction. Enhanced attachment of S20 was not inhibited by the addition of isotypic immunoglobulin G. These results suggest that LFA-1-expressing leukocytes may act as a bridge between the endothelium and tumor cells which express ICAM-1 and, thereby, enhance the potential for hematogenous metastasis.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed1997

Transfer of inulin across the first-trimester human placenta.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the transfer of inulin from the mother to the first-trimester fetus. STUDY DESIGN: A bolus of inulin (5 mg/kg) was administered to nine healthy volunteers with pregnancies between 6 and 12 weeks of gestation scheduled for elective termination of pregnancy. Coelomic and amniotic fluid samples were obtained from the corresponding cavities between 8 and 25 minutes after the end of the bolus of inulin. Fetal fluid inulin concentrations were compared with those of matched samples of maternal blood and urine collected simultaneously. RESULTS: Inulin was detected in all fetal and maternal samples. A trend toward an increasing inulin concentration was noted in the exocoelomic cavity with advancing time. Coelomic and maternal serum inulin concentrations were similar within 20 minutes after injection. Amniotic inulin concentrations were always lower than coelomic concentrations irrespective of gestational age or advancing time after injection. CONCLUSIONS: Inulin crosses the first-trimester human placenta from 7 weeks of gestation in quantities that yield measurable concentrations in both coelomic and amniotic fluids. These results suggest that the study of drug transfer in the first trimester of human pregnancy is feasible with use of samples obtained from the exocoelomic cavity.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Traditional medicine in The Gambia.

While working in a rural hospital in The Gambia, I realized that some of my colleagues viewed traditional healers with some degree of scepticism. Some felt that it led to a delay in patients seeking treatment and, at times, could lead to death from herbal intoxication. However, despite the unscientific, and at times harmful, treatments it remains a popular choice of health care that is culturally acceptable and readily available in the rural communities. So important are culture and ethnicity to health outcomes that, even if structural constraints are removed in the health sector, desired results are unlikely to be achieved unless the cultures of communities are taken into consideration by health policymakers and planners and providers of health care. Indeed, increased attention to these issues by policymakers increases the chances of success in implementing policy. If this is done, providers will be less likely to display an ambivalence towards the use of traditional medicine and users will be less likely to vacillate between modern and traditional medicine (World Bank 1995). With an increase in chronic diseases (and new diseases such as AIDS) with no known cure, it seems that this valuable resource should be tapped safely and more effectively, with support and supervision, to improve the chances of health for all by the year 2000.

Gambia↗