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Biomedical subjects

S C Schoenbaum

Publications and source records attributed to S C Schoenbaum.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Competition on quality in managed care.

There is intense competition between managed care organizations (MCOs) in the USA based on cost and benefit coverage, but scant attention to differences in quality. Consumer preference for 'choice' has stimulated the growth of overlapping networks of providers across competing MCOs. These networks have tended to perform less well on the quality indicators in report cards than staff model MCOs. Ideally one would measure individual provider performance; but the overlapping networks, and the fact that each MCO represents a small fraction of each provider's practice, make that difficult to do. MCOs could potentially collaborate to measure individual provider performance. Financial incentives and risk-adjusted premiums might stimulate competition on quality within MCOs. It seems more likely that true competition on quality will occur between groups of providers, organized or integrated delivery systems, than between MCOs. Nevertheless, MCOs are likely to offer some quality-improving programs directly to their members, and can stimulate the competition between providers by collaborating to obtain provider-specific measurements.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1995

Relationship of anatomic disease to appropriateness ratings of coronary angiography.

BACKGROUND: At Harvard Community Health Plan (HCHP), Brookline, Mass, a mixed-model health maintenance organization (HMO), coronary angiography is performed at numerous community and tertiary-level teaching hospitals. OBJECTIVE: To determine the appropriateness of coronary angiography within HCHP according to RAND (1992) criteria and to examine the relationship between the appropriateness rating and (1) the clinical indication for catheterization and (2) the extent of anatomic disease. METHOD: A retrospective, randomized hospital medical record review of 292 patients enrolled in HCHP who underwent coronary angiography in 1992, stratified by four distinct HCHP subgroups. RESULTS: Of the coronary angiographies reviewed, 78% were rated appropriate, 16% uncertain, and only 6% inappropriate across the entire sample. Ratings were comparable in all subdivisions of HCHP despite an incidence rate of catheterization in one of the three HMO divisions that was 60% and 40% higher than in the other two divisions. The lowest appropriateness ratings were for Asymptomatic patients (43%) and those with Chest Pain of Uncertain Origin (35%) (capital letters refer to the RAND clinical indication criteria mentioned above). A rating of necessity was not a better discriminator of anatomic disease than a rating of appropriateness alone: 82% and 84%, respectively, were found to have disease by angiography. CONCLUSION: The low HCHP rate of inappropriateness for coronary angiography is comparable with the RAND 1992 New York State data. This finding, coupled with marked differences in the incidence rate of this procedure among the HCHP divisions, is consistent with either major differences in the sickness of the HMO's sub-populations or, more likely, a lack of specificity of the RAND criteria for coronary angiography.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Postdischarge follow-up of psychiatric inpatients and readmission in an HMO setting.

This study examined the relationship between follow-up and rehospitalization of inpatients discharged from treatment in two divisions of a health maintenance organization (HMO). Among 580 patients discharged, two-thirds made a follow-up visit within 30 days. Slightly less than a third were readmitted within six months. Readmission was less likely for patients who made a follow-up visit and for men. Patients who had a preadmission relationship with a mental health practitioner were more likely to make a follow-up visit and were more likely to be readmitted. Follow-up was also associated with diagnoses of adjustment and affective disorders.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1994

The "teaching HMO": a new academic partner.

Health care reform is a potential threat to the academic missions of medical schools and academic health centers. But managed care, the source of much of their concern, may also represent a way for medical schools to improve their future academic outcomes. Harvard Medical School and the Harvard Community Health Plan, a large health maintenance organization (HMO) in greater Boston, recently formed the first medical school department to be based in a freestanding HMO. This arrangement is an example of a model that replicates, in a managed care organization, the long-standing and highly successful teaching hospital academic structure in academic medical centers. The authors describe this model in detail, show how the Harvard collaboration works, and explain the benefits each institution saw in creating a joint entity, the rationale for making that new entity an academic department, and the implications for other academic health centers. They conclude that the Harvard experience shows that alliances between medical schools and large HMOs can create vibrant practice settings for teaching and research in academic areas (such as prevention and primary care medicine) that have been relatively neglected in recent times, and that the "teaching HMO" may have the potential to transform academic medicine in the next century just as the teaching hospital transformed it in this century.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1993

Feedback of clinical performance information.

Measurement of practice performance, increasing throughout the health care industry, can result not just in performance assessment, but in performance improvement. An important early step in achieving improvement is to feed back the performance information. This paper discusses how the content of the information and the process of the feedback itself can facilitate physicians' buying into and using the data to improve practice.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1992

Cigarettes, coffee, and preterm premature rupture of the membranes.

Premature (prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation) rupture of the membranes (preterm PROM) is one of the most common underlying causes of preterm delivery. However, there have been few epidemiologic studies of this obstetric complication. The authors studied the relation of maternal cigarette smoking and coffee consumption to both preterm PROM and spontaneous preterm labor not complicated by premature rupture of the membranes (preterm NONPROM) in a large cross-sectional data base. The 307 preterm PROM and 488 preterm NONPROM cases who delivered during 1977-1980 at the Boston Hospital for Women were compared with 2,252 randomly selected women who delivered at term at that institution. Multiple logistic regression techniques were used to derive maximum likelihood estimates of adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). After confounders had been adjusted for, the relative risk of preterm PROM for women who reported ever having smoked during pregnancy, as compared with nonsmokers, was 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.4). However, no gradient between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the risk of preterm PROM was observed. Similar results were observed for preterm NONPROM. Women who consumed three or more cups of coffee daily during the first trimester had a 2.2-fold greater risk of preterm PROM than did women who drank two or fewer cups (95% CI 1.5-3.3). Among coffee drinkers, there was some evidence of a linear trend in the risk of preterm PROM as coffee consumption increased. Consumption of three or more cups of coffee per day was less strongly associated with the occurrence of preterm NONPROM (adjusted OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.9).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Implementing clinical guidelines: a quality management approach to reminder systems.

"Reminders" (timely notices about specific clinical events to physicians or patients) are useful strategies for implementing clinical guidelines. These systems can vary widely in content, design, and purpose. This variability makes it difficult to compare systems or predict a reminder's efficacy in a particular setting. In this article, the authors suggest that too much attention has been paid to proving the efficacy of reminder systems as a general strategy or a comprehensive solution. Rather, the usefulness and effectiveness of reminder systems will be better appreciated when quality management principles are applied to designing, implementing, and maintaining them. Physicians must participate in finding the best solutions for clinical process problems, and reminder systems--when implemented as the "best solution"--must be monitored and improved continually on an ongoing basis to continue to meet physicians' needs.

Feedback↗
PubMed1992

Automated ambulatory medical records systems. An orphan technology.

Automated ambulatory medical records systems (AAMRSs) have been operational for over 20 years but have not been adopted by more than a small fraction of their potential users. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the uses and benefits of the COSTAR-based AAMRS at the Harvard Community Health Plan and of the factors which have inhibited the dissemination of COSTAR. We conclude that AAMRSs have been an orphan technology and cite trends in health care that favor the future development of AAMRSs.

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗
PubMed1992

Algorithm-based clinical quality improvement. Clinical guidelines and continuous quality improvement.

Evidence documenting unexplained variation in clinical practices and outcomes has led to a proliferation of clinical practice guidelines in the hope that such efforts will lead to decreased variation, improved care, better outcomes, and lower costs. At Harvard Community Health Plan we have developed a clinical guideline development effort that focuses on the development of clinical algorithms and guidelines in a quality improvement model. The formal quality improvement process that we have described requires; (1) clear project definition and organization, (2) guideline development based on an understanding of patient needs, scientific evidence and clinical experience, (3) thorough analysis of potential problems with active implementation efforts, and (4) measurement and evaluation of results. By incorporating clinical guideline development into a quality improvement model and integrating such efforts with a total quality management strategy, we can substantially increase the likelihood of successfully implementing clinical practice guidelines and improving the quality of care that we deliver.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

Risk factors for abruptio placentae.

The authors studied the relation of sociodemographic, medical, and life-style factors and abruptio placentae in a large cross-sectional data base. The 143 cases of abruption identified in the Delivery Interview Program, conducted in Boston from 1977 to 1980, were compared with 1,257 randomly selected controls. The authors used multiple logistic regression techniques to derive maximum likelihood estimates of the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals as measures of the association between exposure factors and abruption. A history of chronic hypertension was associated with a threefold increase in risk (odds ratio (OR) = 3.1, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.1-8.4), but pregnancy-induced hypertension was not associated with abruption. Excess risk was associated with advanced maternal age (OR = 2.3, 95% Cl 1.3-3.9), low prepregnancy body mass index (OR = 2.3, 95% Cl 1.3-4.1), a history of prior stillbirth (OR = 3.5, 95% Cl 1.8-7.0), and at least weekly use of marijuana during pregnancy (OR = 2.8, 95% Cl 1.2-6.6). Overall, the association with cigarette smoking during pregnancy was of only borderline significance (OR = 1.5, 95% Cl 1.0-2.2), although there appeared to be a dose-response relation between the number of cigarettes smoked and risk of abruption.

Abruptio Placentae↗
PubMed1991

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy in relation to placenta previa.

To evaluate the relationship between cigarette smoking and the occurrence of placenta previa, we used interview and medical record data to conduct a case-control analysis of 69 placenta previa cases and 12,351 controls. The unadjusted relative risk estimate of placenta previa for women reported to have "ever smoked" during pregnancy relative to nonsmoking mothers was 1.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 3.0). The risk rose after adjusting for potential confounders (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 5.5). In contrast to a previous report, the duration of smoking was not an independent risk factor for placenta previa. These results suggest that cigarette smoking during pregnancy is a determinant of placenta previa. Carbon monoxide hypoxemia, which is one possible mechanism for this association, may result in compensatory placental hypertrophy. Placentas with increased surface areas are more likely to cover the cervical os, causing placenta previa.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Clinical practice guidelines at an HMO: development and implementation in a quality improvement model.

Harvard Community Health Plan (HCHP) is adapting to clinical medicine the managerial principles and methods of quality improvement theory that were originally developed and successfully applied in industrial settings. An essential step in applying the quality improvement cycle to clinical medicine is the setting of standards or specifications for clinical care. HCHP has chosen to focus its standard-setting efforts on the development of clinical algorithms, which provide an excellent basis for specifying and communicating optimal care processes and for evaluating actual clinical care. When implemented effectively, clinical algorithms may improve quality and decrease costs by guiding clinicians toward more standardized, high-quality, cost-effective clinical strategies and by facilitating more valid measurement of clinical process and outcomes. This article describes the evolution, structure, methods, and future agenda of the Algorithm Based Clinical Quality Improvement Process (ABCQIP) at HCHP.

Algorithms↗