Role of platelet transfusion in dengue hemorrhagic fever.
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Child↗
Biomedical subjects
S Broor
Publications and source records attributed to S Broor.
Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for rapid diagnosis of clinically suspected tuberculous meningitis.
SETTING: Since conventional bacteriological methods rarely detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and are of limited use in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM), clinical features suggestive of TBM supported by indirect evidence such as CSF examination and computerized tomography (CT) of the head have been used for the early diagnosis of TBM. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the efficacy of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the diagnosis of TBM. METHODS: Coded CSF samples from 40 patients with TBM and from 49 patients with other neurological disorders were processed. In the absence of a reliable sensitive and specific test for M. tuberculosis in CSF, we used a set of established clinical criteria as the gold standard. Accordingly, the patients were divided into definite, highly probable, probable and possible TBM. The samples were decoded only after completion of the laboratory tests. RESULTS: PCR was positive in 2/4, 19/20, 13/16 patients with highly probable, probable and possible TBM respectively. None of the samples were positive by conventional bacteriological methods. However, 3/49 CSF samples from non-TBM patients were also found positive by PCR. PCR detected M. tuberculosis genomic DNA in the CSF of 85% of clinically suspected TBM cases and 6.1% of non-tuberculous controls. CONCLUSION: PCR, along with the suggested clinical criteria, offers a rapid and fairly accurate diagnosis of TBM.
Adolescent↗
Diversity of rotavirus strains infecting pediatric patients in New Delhi, India.
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) of rotavirus can provide information on variation in rotavirus strain prevalent in the community. In the present study 157 samples were collected from children below 5 years of age presenting with acute diarrhoea from May to December, 1990 at Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi. Seventy-one (45 percent) of these stool samples were positive for rotavirus by ELISA. Sixty-seven samples showed discernible RNA pattern of group A rotavirus by PAGE. It was found that there were seven electropherotypes co-circulating in this 8-month period. Majority of the strains had a IIC pattern, but IIA, IID, IIE, IIG, IE, and IB electropherotype patterns were also seen. The simultaneous co-circulation of multiple group A strains in the community may lead to extensive genomic variation in rotavirus strains.
Acute Disease↗
Classification of rotavirus into G and P types with specimens from children with acute diarrhea in New Delhi, India.
Sixty rotavirus-positive stool specimens from children with diarrhea were classified into G and P genotypes. G typing was done by PCR and then by hybridization with G type-specific (G1 to G4) oligonucleotide probes, whereas nested PCR was performed for P typing. Thirty-nine samples could be classified into both G and P types, of which P8G1 and P4G2 (33% each) genotypes were predominant. The P6 genotype was detected in four children with diarrhea.
Acute Disease↗
Detection of group A rotavirus by reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction in feces from children with acute gastroenteritis.
RT-PCR was employed to detect rotavirus infection in 450 fecal samples from children with acute diarrhoea. It was compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for rotavirus detection. A total of 67 samples were found positive by at least one of the three techniques. Of these 67 samples, 51 were positive by all three methods, 6 were positive by ELISA and RT-PCR but negative by PAGE, 3 were positive by PAGE and RT-PCR and negative by ELISA, 3 and 4 samples were exclusively positive by RT-PCR and ELISA respectively. These results indicate that RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific assay for detection of group A rotaviruses in stool samples from cases of acute diarrhoea.
Acute Disease↗
Direct detection and characterization of rotavirus into subgroups by dot blot hybridization and correlation with 'long' and 'short' electropherotypes.
BACKGROUND: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of viral RNA are well-established methods for detection of rotavirus in stool samples. Dot-blot hybridization has also been found to be a sensitive and specific technique for detection and characterization of rotaviruses. OBJECTIVES: To compare the performance of dot blot hybridization with ELISA and PAGE for detection of rotavirus in stool samples. To assess the use of dot blot hybridization for characterization of rotaviruses into subgroups. STUDY DESIGN: Stool samples were collected from 214 children presenting to the hospital with acute diarrhoea. These were assayed for rotavirus by ELISA and PAGE. Dot-blot hybridization was done with full length cloned radiolabelled c-DNA probes of gene segment 6 of SA-11 (subgroup I) and Wa (subgroup II) rotaviruses. RESULTS: Out of 214 stool samples 134 were found to be positive for rotavirus by one of the three methods. Among these 134 positive specimens 114 were positive by dot blot hybridization, this included 18 specimens which were positive only by dot blot assay. One-hundred-and-twelve of these 114 specimens could be subgrouped. Fifteen of these were classified as subgroup I, 97 as subgroup II and two had a dual subgroup specificity. Three subgroup 1 strains had a 'long' RNA pattern, whereas one subgroup II strain had a 'short' RNA pattern which has not been reported earlier for human rotaviruses. CONCLUSION: Dot blot hybridization as described here is a sensitive and specific assay for detection and subgrouping of rotaviruses. However, as there is a considerable genomic diversity among rotaviruses, the panel should include probes from all the genotypes of gene segment 6.
Journal Article↗
Pattern of hepatitis A and hepatitis B virus markers in cases of acute sporadic hepatitis and in healthy school children from north west India.
The pattern of viral markers in acute sporadic hepatitis in 329 children and those in 334 healthy school children from North West India were studied. Hepatitis A was found to be the commonest infection in sporadic cases (78 per cent). Of these, 86 per cent were under 10 years and 50 per cent less than 5 years of age. Hepatitis B was positive in 8 per cent, non-A non-B in 13 per cent, A as well as B in 1 per cent, and none had Delta virus infection. Viral markers in healthy school children showed anti-HAV IgG positivity in 96 and 85 per cent in those belonging to low and high socio-economic groups, respectively, indicating past infection. HBsAg was positive in 1 per cent of cases. Viral hepatitis is an important public health problem in children and warrants active immunization.
Adolescent↗
A nonradioisotopic reverse phase dipstick hybridization method for detection of polymerase chain reaction amplified product.
A rapid and simple nonradioisotopic method has been developed for detection of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified product. Digoxigenin-11-dUTP (DIG-11-dUTP) was incorporated in the amplified product by including it in the PCR reaction mixture. The PCR product was detected colorimetrically either directly or by reverse phase hybridization method where an unlabelled oligo-nucleotide probe was immobilized on a nitrocellulose dipstick and the digoxigenin labelled PCR product was in the liquid phase. With this system the PCR product could be detected even after 10 cycles of amplification by both direct and hybridization methods. The method was applied on the amplified product of DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 HIV-1 ELISA positive and 8 ELISA negative individuals. PCR was positive in all ELISA positive, Western blot positive individuals from whom HIV-1 was also isolated. PCR was negative in all ELISA negative individuals.
Base Sequence↗
Rapid detection of rotavirus by using colloidal gold particles labeled with monoclonal antibody.
A rapid single-step, sensitive and specific immunogold assay is described for detection of rotavirus. Murine monoclonal antibody (MCA) to the group antigen of rotavirus was dotted on a nitrocellulose paper strip. This was used to capture the rotavirus antigen which was revealed using a conjugate consisting of the MCA conjugated to gold particles. This assay detects 5 x 10(7) particles of rotavirus. It also acutely detected rotavirus from fecal samples, but failed to show any reaction with microscopically confirmed fecal samples containing G. lamblia and E. histolytica. The time taken for the test was approximately 10 min. Its versatility, simplicity, sensitivity and specificity makes it useful for third world countries.
Acute Disease↗
Stimulation of HIV replication in mononuclear phagocytes by leukemia inhibitory factor.
This study examined the effects of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in mononuclear phagocytes (MNP). LIF induced a dose-dependent increase in p24 antigen production in the chronically infected promonocytic cell line U1. The magnitude and time kinetics of the LIF effects were similar to interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), other cytokines known to induce HIV replication in this cell line. To characterize mechanisms responsible for these LIF effects, levels of HIV mRNA, activation of the DNA binding protein nuclear factor (NF)-kB, signal transduction pathways, and potential interactions with other cytokines were analyzed. LIF increased steady-state levels of HIV mRNA at 2.0, 4.3, and 9.2 kB. This was detectable by 24 h and persisted until 72 h. The DNA binding protein NF-kB is a central mediator in cytokine activation of HIV transcription. NF-kB levels were higher in unstimulated U1 cells as compared to the parent cell line U937. In both cell lines LIF increased NF-kB activity. Induction of NF-kB and HIV replication by cytokines are at least in part dependent on reactive oxygen intermediates. The oxygen radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine, but not an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, inhibited LIF-induced HIV replication. LIF induces the production of other cytokines in monocytes but its effects on HIV replication were not inhibited by antibodies to IL-1, TNF, or IL-6. These results identify LIF as a stimulus of HIV replication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acetylcysteine↗
Clinical profile of biopsy proven idiopathic myocarditis.
We studied 20 patients in detail (age: 27 months to 45 years, mean 22 years; 15 males, 5 females) of idiopathic myocarditis histologically confirmed by endomyocardial biopsy. None of these patients had evidence of active or previous rheumatic fever. The commonest mode of presentation was congestive heart failure (16 patients) followed by arrhythmias (seven patients--five of whom had associated congestive heart failure) and chest pain resembling myocardial infarction (two patients). Ten patients had a history of preceding upper respiratory infection. Only one of these patients had a significant rising serum titre for Coxsackie B3 virus. Throat and rectal swabs for virus culture were negative in all patients. The electrocardiogram was abnormal in all patients, with a prolonged corrected QT-interval being the commonest abnormality (14 patients). Serial electrocardiographic patterns of evolving myocardial infarction occurred in three patients. Echocardiographic left ventricular end diastolic dimension (4.15 +/- 1.01 cm/m2) and end systolic dimension (3.37 +/- 1.03 cm/m2) were increased in 15 of the 18 patients studied. Pericardial involvement occurred in only one patient. Radionuclide ventriculography showed a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (< 50%) in 17 patients, global hypokinesia in 12 patients and regional wall motion abnormalities in five patients. Left ventricular and right ventricular end diastolic pressures were elevated in 15 and 11 patients, respectively.
Adolescent↗
Temporal variation in the distribution of rotavirus electropherotypes in Delhi, India.
The present study was carried out to investigate the varying pattern of rotavirus electropherotypes in Delhi, India. During a 25-month study period, rotavirus was detected in 104 of 990 (10.5%) samples collected from children with acute gastroenteritis, except in the months of June 1988, June 1989, October 1989, January 1990 and March 1990. Viral RNA migration was studied by PAGE in 83 rotavirus positive samples, and 69 (83.1%) of them gave a discernible RNA pattern. A "long" RNA pattern was observed in 58 (84%) and a "short" RNA pattern in 11 (16%) samples. There were three major electropherotypes among the "long" RNA types and two major electropherotypes among the "short" RNA RNA types. Sequential appearance of electropherotypes was seen with every seasonal peak of infection.
Acute Disease↗
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of acute diarrhoea in children due to human rotavirus.
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Acute Disease↗
Clinical and epidemiological features of acute gastroenteritis caused by human rotavirus subgroups.
Rotavirus was detected in 44 (15.28%) of 288 hospitalised children suffering from gastroenteritis in Delhi over a period of one year. Of these 44 children, subgroup I and II rotaviruses were detected in 13 (29.55%) and 25 (56.82%) children respectively. Samples from 5 (11.36%) children did not react with either subgroup I or II monoclonal antibodies, indicating the presence of a third subgroup. Both subgroups I and II were detected in one (2.27%) case. The median ages of the children infected by subgroup I and II rotavirus were 7 and 12 months respectively. Rotavirus was more prevalent in boys than in girls. The peak of rotavirus infection was seen in the early winter months. The difference of maximum and minimum monthly temperatures correlated significantly (p less than 0.05) with the incidence of rotavirus infection. Subgroup II was the predominant group throughout the period of study and caused a significantly higher incidence of severe diarrhoea than did subgroup I.
Acute Disease↗
Laboratory tests for diagnosis of TORCH infections.
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Cytomegalovirus Infections↗
An epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by coxsackie A24 variant.
An epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) caused by a variant of coxsackie A24 (cox A24) occurred in Delhi during August to September 1988. Cox A24 antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) in conjunctival cell smears of 13 of the 38 (34.2%) patients studied. Virus was isolated from conjunctival swabs in 11 (28.9%) patients and all isolates were neutralized by cox A24 antiserum. Five virus strains sent to Virology Division of Centres for Disease Control, Atlanta, USA, were confirmed as cox A24 variant. Enterovirus type 70 (EV70) was not demonstrable either by IFA or neutralization tests. Conjunctival swabs from 10 healthy laboratory controls did not show any evidence of EV70 or cox A24 virus or their antigens.
Acute Disease↗
Prevalence of SSPE: a serological study.
The presence of measles antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 340 samples from children clinically suspected of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were studied. One hundred and thirty eight (40%) of these children had SSPE based on the serological evidence. The mean age group of children affected was 8.2 years. The M:F ratio was 5:1. The titres of antibodies ranged from 1:2 to 1:32 in the CSF and from 1:16 to 1:512 in the serum.
Child↗
Comparison of latex agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detecting human rotavirus in stool specimens.
One hundred and forty five stool samples from children below 2 years of age, hospitalized with diarrhea were tested for rotavirus antigen by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), latex agglutination test using commercially available kit Rotastat (Ranbaxy Diagnostic, India) and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty eight samples were positive for the virus antigen by all the three assay systems. The sensitivity of latex agglutination (LA) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was 91.4% (32/35) and 80% (28/35), respectively; the corresponding specificity was 98.18% (108/110) and 100% (110/110), respectively. Latex agglutination was the least complex, required the least amount of apparatus and provided a result within a short time. It showed a high specificity and a reasonable amount of sensitivity and the results correlated well with ELISA and PAGE.
Antigens, Viral↗