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Biomedical subjects

S Bhatnagar

Publications and source records attributed to S Bhatnagar.

121 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Aggregative Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella are associated with increasing duration of diarrhea.

In order to relate etiology of diarrhea to the duration of the episode, a cohort of 452 children up to 36 months of age was visited once weekly at their households for 18 consecutive months to record diarrheal morbidity. Fecal specimens were obtained in 453 diarrheal episodes occurring in 354 children during this period. The common putative agents as single isolations associated with diarrhea were EA-AggEC (17.2%), ETEC (14.1%), EPEC (6.0%) and rotavirus (4.0%). The pathogens with higher median duration of diarrhea were Shigella (13.5; mean +/- SD 13.7 +/- 2.7), Salmonella (8.8: 15.3 +/- 4.5) and EA = AggEC (12.0: 15.1 +/- 1.8). Of 55 episodes with duration of greater than 14 days, the main pathogens isolated were EA-AggEC (32.7%), ETEC (9.0), Salmonella, G. lamblia (5.5% each) and Shigella (3.5%). These data provide a preliminary evidence to suggest that EA = AggEC may well be the main long sought microbial agent responsible for diarrhea of long duration.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Postnatal handling attenuates certain neuroendocrine, anatomical, and cognitive dysfunctions associated with aging in female rats.

Hippocampal degeneration with aging is associated with increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity and, in male rats, both are attenuated by postnatal handling. Considering the important sex differences in the effects of handling and in HPA responses to stress in older rats, we have examined the effects of postnatal handling on aging in females. Female, Long-Evans rats were handled (H) during the first 3 weeks of life and later compared with nonhandled (NH) controls at various ages. Handling resulted in permanently increased hippocampal type II, glucocorticoid receptor binding. Relative to H females, NH females showed increased basal corticosterone levels in later life and hypersecreted corticosterone following stress at all ages examined. Both effects are similar to those reported in males. However, unlike males, H and NH females did not differ in corticosterone levels achieved during stress, a finding that may be related to sex-dependent effects of handling on pituitary transcortin receptors. There were no differences in hippocampal neuron density in 6-month-old animals. However, the older NH animals showed considerable neuron loss in the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal cellfields. There was little or no neuron loss in the H animals. Finally, the NH animals exhibited age-related spatial memory impairments, such that by 24 months of age the performance of the NH females was profoundly worse than that of the younger NHs and same-aged H animals. These data suggest that early handling permanently alters CNS systems that regulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function, although the effect may depend on the gender of the animal. In both males and females, however, handling appears to prevent (or minimize) increased adrenal secretion in later life and to attenuate hippocampal cell loss and spatial memory impairments.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

15-Deacetylsergeolide, a potent antileukemic quassinoid from Picrolemma pseudocoffea.

Investigation of the leaf extract of Picrolemma pseudocoffea afforded a new antineoplastic quassinoid, 15-deacetylsergeolide (3), and two known quassinoids, isobruceine B (1) and sergeolide (2). The structure of 3, which displayed strong antileukemic activity in the P-388 test system, was established through the interpretation of spectral data and chemical correlation to 2.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Two new quassinoids from Simaba multiflora fruits.

Two new quassinoids, 13, 18-dehydro-6 alpha-senecioyloxychaparrin (4) and 12-dehydro-6 alpha-senecioyloxychaparrin (5), have been isolated from Simaba multiflora fruits. Their structures were deduced from spectral data. 1H-13C 2-D chemical-shift correlation nmr was applied to the structural elucidation of the antileukemic quassinoid 4.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of mung bean (lentil) and pop rice based rehydration solutions in comparison with the standard glucose electrolyte solution.

Children with acute diarrhea and moderate dehydration between 3 months and 5 years of age were randomly assigned to receive treatment with standard WHO oral rehydration solution (ORS) (n = 33) and two other solutions in which the 20 g/L glucose was substituted by 50 g/L of pop rice (n = 31) and 60 g/L of mung bean (lentil) powder (n = 29). Satisfactory oral rehydration, as assessed clinically and by changes in PCV and total serum solids (TSS), was achieved in 90.9% with WHO ORS, 96.8% with pop rice, and 96.6% in the mung bean ORS treated group (p greater than 0.05). The purging rates (ml/kg/h) until recovery were 2.49 +/- 1.5 (pop rice); 2.91 +/- 2.0 (WHO), and 3.41 +/- 1.7 in the mung bean group (p greater than 0.05). The percentage of patients recovering from diarrhea within the 72 h study period was 58.0 (pop rice), 48.4 (WHO), and 44.8 for mung bean group (p greater than 0.05). Though differences in stool volumes and duration in the three groups were not statistically different, there was a trend toward improvement in efficacy with the pop rice ORS in several parameters: greater weight gain, higher percentage decline in TSS, higher urine output despite lower ORS intake, and lower purging rates. The intake of semisolids in the 24-72 h study period was also higher in the pop rice group as compared to the other two groups (p less than 0.05). The number of breast feeds and intake of artificial milk was however similar in all groups (p greater than 0.05).

Breast Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Organogel-based system for transdermal delivery of propranolol.

The reverse micelle-based microemulsion was proposed as a vector for the transdermal delivery of propranolol. Soya-lecithin forms reverse micelle in iso-octane with increased solubilizing potential. The lecithin/iso-octane system was studied for the nature of solubilized water, the effect of added water on viscosity, and drug-micelle interaction. The amount and nature of solubilized water was investigated by spectroscopic methods using potassium nitrate as the polarity probe. With increasing water content the viscosity of the system was found to increase. And at a molar ratio (R) = 3, the system showed gel-like consistency (8.1 x 10(3) poise). The polarity probe study suggested the difference in environment of solubilized water as compared with the bulk water. The permeability rate of propranolol contained in the water/lecithin/iso-octane system was calculated to be 1212.0 micrograms h cm-2 while in the case of petrolatum jelly it was recorded to be 122.8 micrograms h-1 cm-2.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Poloxamer-coated three-ply-walled microcapsules for controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium.

The three-ply-walled-based system for controlled delivery of diclofenac was developed. The preparation of three-ply-walled microcapsules is essentially based on the technique of multiple-emulsion formation polymer at the interface followed by rigidization of the wall on evaporation of solvent. The protective colloids with surface-active properties were selected for the present study, viz. acacia gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate. Ethyl cellulose was taken as hydrophobic polymer. The acacia/ethylcellulose/acacia-based three-ply-walled microcapsule system was selected for further studies. The three-ply-walled microcapsule were subsequently coated with poloxamer 188. The non-ionic hydrophilic surfactant coating retards uptake into the reticuloendothelial system. The coated and uncoated microcapsules were characterized for in vitro and in vivo performance. The microcapsules were noted to provide sustained release of the contained diclofenac. The plasma level observed indicated that poloxamer coating results in prolonged release of the drug. Organ distribution demonstrated a different distribution pattern when compared with uncoated microcapsules.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inflammatory pseudotumour of lung.

Inflammatory pseudotumour of lung is a rare benign lung tumour of uncertain aetiology. It is difficult to distinguish clinically as well as histologically from inflammatory lesions, hamartomas and neoplasms. Only two such cases have been reported from India earlier. We report one such case, that was clinically misdiagnosed as neuroblastoma.

Biopsy↗