A simple technique for remote monitoring of neuromuscular blockade.
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Humans↗
Biomedical subjects
S B Smith
Publications and source records attributed to S B Smith.
Muscle metabolism and real-time ultrasound measurement of muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue growth in lambs fed diets containing a beta-agonist.
Rambouillet X Finn crossbred wether lambs were evaluated for differences in longissimus muscle cross-sectional area and overlaying subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness resulting from the use of the beta-agonist clenbuterol. Treatment groups received 0 and 2 ppm clenbuterol in the diet for approximately 40 d prior to slaughter. Longissimus muscle cross-sectional area and fat depth over the 12th-13th rib juncture were measured by real-time ultrasound before and during administration of the compound. At slaughter, muscle metabolism in vitro and carcass characteristics were measured. Based on comparisons with an initial-kill group of sheep, longissimus muscle cross-sectional area increased in control sheep by 12% (P greater than .05) over the 40-d experimental period, and increased in clenbuterol-fed sheep by 48% (P less than .05). Conversely, subcutaneous fat thickness increased significantly in the control sheep (88%) during this period, but was unchanged in the clenbuterol-fed animals. Warner-Bratzler shear force values of cooked longissimus samples from clenbuterol-fed sheep were significantly greater than shear force values in cooked samples from control lambs; this was not correlated with the extractable neutral lipid content of the muscle. Simple linear regression between ultrasound and carcass measurements of longissimus muscle cross-sectional area and subcutaneous fat thickness yielded correlation coefficients of .80 and .64, respectively. A significantly greater amount of net glycogen synthesis from [U-14C]glucose was observed in longissimus muscle strips from clenbuterol-fed animals than in muscle strips from control sheep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adipose Tissue↗
Periappendicitis: possible surgical pitfall.
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Adult↗
Bovine longissimus muscle glycogen concentration in response to isometric contraction and exogenous epinephrine.
Isometric contraction was elicited in cattle by electrical stimulation (electrical immobilization) and was used as a means of investigating the interaction between muscle contraction and epinephrine-induced muscle glycogen degradation. At 0.5 and 24 hours after a 15-minute period of continuous muscle contraction, glycogen content of longissimus muscle specimens collected via needle biopsy was not different from precontraction concentrations. Epinephrine (13.2 mg/kg of body weight) given subcutaneously resulted in a 30% to 35% reduction of muscle glycogen. Reduction of muscle glycogen was slightly greater when epinephrine was used in conjunction with isometric contraction, compared with epinephrine treatment alone. Muscle glycogen increased, and free glucose, lactate, and glucose-6-phosphate decreased, with increases in body weight. In younger, lighter cattle (370 kg), epinephrine decreased muscle glycogen and lactate concentrations and generally decreased muscle glucose concentrations. Muscle-free glucose and lactate concentrations were increased in older, heavier cattle (446 kg) by contraction and epinephrine injection when the animals were immobilized for 30 minutes, with intermittent periods of muscle relaxation. In these cattle, muscle glycogen concentration slightly decreased with isometric contraction. Data indicate that reports of increased glycogenolysis observed in cattle subjected to stress by mixing strange animals or exercise is due to dynamic muscle contraction and not due to isometric muscle contraction.
Animals↗
Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia. III. Characterization of Lassa virus isolates.
Sixty-three virus isolates were obtained by inoculation of Vero cells with sera from 50 hospital in-patients in Liberia with acute febrile illnesses. 57 of the isolates were presumptively identified as Lassa virus (LV) by direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining of inoculated Vero cells. These, and six additional isolates obtained only by titration of supernatant fluids from inoculated Vero cells, were definitively identified as LV in a neutralization test. Two additional LV isolates were obtained from a patient's sera from Nigeria. By cross-neutralization tests, the Nigerian LV strains were serologically identical to the prototype Nigerian LV strain (PP) but were distinct from both a reference LV strain from Sierra Leone (SL), and from the Liberian (LIB) strains isolated in this study. The LIB and SL strains were closely related to each other, but not to the Nigerian LV strains. LIB LV strains were tested for virulence in strain 2 and 13 guinea-pigs, and a spectrum of virulence was observed which correlated only approximately with disease severity for human patients. Two human-lethal isolates killed all inoculated strain 2 and 13 guinea-pigs, whereas nine isolates from mildly ill patients were benign for guinea-pigs. Yet some LV isolates from severely ill or lethally infected patients, especially those from pregnant women and infants, were totally benign for guinea-pigs. These data suggest that antigenically distinct LV strains exist in nature, and that antigenically indistinguishable LV isolates may differ in virulence potential for various hosts.
Animals↗
Exercise-induced asthma. Diagnostic clues with recommendation for treatment.
Exercise-induced bronchospasm, a very common component of asthma, may be quite bothersome and interfere with activities. The etiology appears to be related to the degree of heat loss in the tracheobronchial tree and to release of mediators from the mast cells. Exercise-induced asthma can be effectively treated, preferably with preventive medications such as beta 2 agonists or cromolyn (Intal). In the future, drugs such as nifedipine (Procardia) may also be useful, but as yet no calcium channel blocker has been approved for this indication.
Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
Fatty acid-binding protein activities in bovine muscle, liver and adipose tissue.
Subcutaneous adipose tissue, sternomandibularis muscle and liver were obtained from steers immediately postmortem. Muscle strips and adipose tissue snips were incubated with 0.75 mM [1-14C]palmitate and 5 mM glucose. Muscle strips esterified palmitate at the rate of 2.5 nmol/min per gram tissue, which was 30% of the rate observed for adipose tissue. Fatty acid-binding protein activity was measured in 104,000 x g supernatant fractions of liver, muscle and adipose tissue homogenates. Muscle and adipose tissue fractions bound 840 and 140 pmol [1-14C]palmitoyl-CoA per gram tissue, respectively. Fatty acid-binding protein activity was greater in adipose tissue than in muscle when data were expressed per milligram protein (35 vs. 13 pmol palmitoyl-CoA bound per milligram of soluble protein, respectively). Fatty acid binding-protein activity was correlated with the rate of palmitate esterification within each tissue. Liver contained the highest fatty acid-binding protein activity (13,000 pmol palmitoyl-CoA bound per gram tissue and 215 pmol palmitoyl-CoA bound per milligrams soluble protein).
Acyl Coenzyme A↗
Amino acid sequence of the regulatory subunit of bovine type I adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate dependent protein kinase.
The complete amino acid sequence of the regulatory subunit of type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine skeletal muscle is presented. The S-carboxymethylated protein was cleaved with cyanogen bromide to provide a complete set of nonoverlapping fragments. These fragments were overlapped and aligned by using peptides generated by proteolytic cleavage. The protein contains 379 amino acid residues corresponding to a molecular weight of 42 804. As in the type II regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, a pattern of internal gene duplication is observed, which is consistent with two cAMP-binding domains. The two types of regulatory subunit from type I and type II kinase display similarities in domain substructure and in amino acid sequence, which provide a molecular basis for new insight into their regulatory roles. Detailed analyses of the homology of the regulatory subunits of type I and type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase and of similar relationships to cGMP-dependent protein kinase and Escherichia coli catabolite gene activator protein are presented in accompanying reports from this laboratory [Takio, K., Smith, S. B., Krebs, E. G., Walsh, K., & Titani, K. (1984) Biochemistry (second paper of three in this issue); Takio, K., Wade, R. D., Smith, S. B., Krebs, E. G., Walsh, K. A., & Titani, K. (1984) Biochemistry (third paper of three in this issue)].
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Amino acid sequence of the regulatory subunit of bovine type II adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate dependent protein kinase.
Evidence is presented that establishes the amino acid sequence of the regulatory subunit of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine cardiac muscle. Complementary sets of overlapping peptides were generated primarily by tryptic digestion and by chemical cleavage at methionyl residues. The analysis was augmented by chemical cleavage at a single tryptophanyl residue and at three of the four aspartyl-proline bonds. Several large fragments generated by limited proteolysis contributed to the proof of structure. The subunit is a single chain of 400 residues corresponding to a molecular weight of 45 004. An amino-terminal segment of about 100 residues is believed to include the region responsible for oligomeric association. The remainder of the molecule consists of two tandem homologous domains, each of which is thought to bind a single molecule of cAMP. Comparison of the three domains with corresponding regions of the type I isozyme, of the Escherichia coli catabolite gene activator protein, and of cGMP-dependent protein kinase indicates extensive regions of homology and as much as 50% identity with the sequence of an internal segment of the type I isozyme.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate dependent protein kinase, a chimeric protein homologous with two separate protein families.
The amino acid sequence of bovine lung cGMP-dependent protein kinase has been determined by degradation and alignment of two primary overlapping sets of peptides generated by cleavage at methionyl or arginyl residues. The protein contains 670 residues in a single N alpha-acetylated chain corresponding to a molecular weight of 76 331. The function of the molecule is considered in six segments of sequence which may correspond to four folding domains. From the amino terminus, the first segment is related to the dimerizing property of the protein. The second and third segments appear to have evolved from an ancestral tandem internal gene duplication, generating twin cGMP-binding domains which are homologous to twin domains in the regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and to the cAMP-binding domain of the catabolite gene activator of Escherichia coli. The fourth and fifth segments may comprise one domain which is homologous to the catalytic subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, of calcium-dependent phosphorylase b kinase, and of certain oncogenic viral protein tyrosine kinases. The regulatory, amino-terminal half of cGMP-dependent protein kinase appears to be related to a family of smaller proteins that bind cAMP for diverse purposes, whereas the catalytic, carboxyl-terminal half is related to a family of protein kinases of varying specificity and varying sensitivity to regulators. These data suggest that ancestral gene splicing events may have been involved in the fusion of two families of proteins to generate the allosteric character of this chimeric enzyme.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Interrelationships among diet, age, fat deposition and lipid metabolism in growing steers.
Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained by biopsy technique and at slaughter from steers fed either a corn concentrate or pelleted alfalfa (roughage) diet. Steers fed the roughage diet had slightly greater metabolizable energy intakes than the concentrate-fed steers due to greater rates of feed intake; however, steers fed the concentrate diet had faster rates of gain, primarily in the fat depots. Diet had no effect on the incorporation of 14C-labeled acetate and lactate into fatty acids, although 3H2O incorporation into fatty acids was greater in the concentrate-fed steers. Although backfat thickness was 60% greater in the concentrate-fed steers, the number of adipocytes per gram adipose tissue was unaffected by diet, suggesting adipose cell hyperplasia. The activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, ATP citrate lyase, NADP+ malate dehydrogenase, and hexokinase were greater in the steers fed the concentrate diet; pyruvate kinase activity was unaffected by diet. Fatty acid synthesis and several lipogenic enzyme activities increased with age and then declined markedly by the time of the terminal biopsy. Basal and net rates of lipolysis generally were unaffected by diet but increased with age of the animal. As the animals gained weight, the ratio of net fatty acids released to glycerol released decreased, suggesting more extensive reesterification of fatty acids released during lipolysis.
Adipose Tissue↗
Relative contributions of acetate, lactate and glucose to lipogenesis in bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Intramuscular adipose tissue from the fifth-eighth thoracic vertebrae region of the longissimus dorsi muscle, and portions of the overlying subcutaneous adipose tissue, were obtained at 16 and 18 months of age from Angus steers fed ad libitum either a corn silage (low energy) or ground corn (high energy) diet. Carcass weight, backfat thickness, and kidney, pelvic and heart fat were significantly greater in the steers fed the high energy diet; however, there were no significant differences in marbling scores between diet groups. Additionally, feeding steers the high energy diet did not result in differences in adipocyte diameter or number of adipose cells per gram tissue in either adipose tissue depot. Intramuscular adipocytes had a peak diameter (the diameter represented by the greatest number of cells) of 104 +/- 2 microns; peak diameter in subcutaneous adipose tissue was 141 +/- 5 microns. The activities of ATP-citrate lyase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase increased with age in the subcutaneous adipose tissue; feeding steers the high energy diet increased enzyme activities further. Age and diet had no effect on enzyme activities in intramuscular adipose tissue. A similar pattern was observed for the incorporation of lipogenic precursors into fatty acids. Acetate provided 70-80% of the acetyl units to in vitro lipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue, but only 10-25% in intramuscular adipose tissue. Conversely, glucose provided 1-10% of the acetyl units in subcutaneous adipose tissue, but 50-75% in the intramuscular depot.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acetates↗
Evidence that phosphofructokinase limits glucose utilization in bovine adipose tissue.
Bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue slices were incubated with 10 mM [U--14C] acetate in the absence and presence of 2 mM glucose, 10 mM lactate and 33 mU insulin/ml. The incorporation of acetate into fatty acids was stimulated significantly by glucose and lactate, but not by insulin. The concentration of glycolytic intermediates was measured in tissue slices incubated in vitro with the same substrate combinations. Glucose significantly increased the cellular content of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, but had no effect on any other glycolytic intermediate. Under certain conditions, acetate and lactate tended to decrease the monophosphorylated hexoses and increase certain triose phosphates, indicating increased flux through phosphofructokinase. Insulin generally had no effect on metabolite levels. The data indicate that phosphofructokinase has a key regulatory role in controlling glycolytic flux in bovine adipose tissue incubated in vitro. The data did not indicate regulatory roles for hexokinase or insulin.
Acetates↗
Bovine muscle glycogen as affected by fasting and refeeding.
Twelve bulls about 12 mo of age were used to study the effects of dietary stress and realimentation on muscle glycogen depletion and repletion over time. Needle biopsy techniques were used to obtain longissimus muscle samples 11 d before fasting, at the end of fasting, and 3, 7, 10 and 14 d postfasting. Fasting reduced (P less than .05) muscle glycogen from 77 to 50 mumol glycogen-glucose/g. Depressed muscle glycogen content persisted through d 3 while animals were reestablishing normal feed consumption. A glycogen repletion rate of 3 mumol glycogen-glucose X g-1 X d-1 was observed from d 3 to 7.
Animals↗
Pentose cycle flux and fatty acid synthesis in bovine adipose tissue slices incubated with 6-aminonicotinamide.
The effects of the purported inhibitor of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, 6-aminonicotinamide, on lipogenesis from acetate and the metabolism of glucose were investigated in bovine adipose tissue. The incorporation of [U-14C]acetate and tritium from [3-3H]glucose into fatty acids was stimulated by 6-aminonicotinamide proportionately, indicating that the pentose cycle provided the same percentage of NADPH required for fat synthesis in the absence and presence of 6-aminonicotinamide. Tissue samples incubated with 6-aminonicotinamide displayed higher maximal activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase than control samples. The cellular content of 6-phosphogluconate was increased by 6-aminonicotinamide by 40% in samples incubated with 2 mM glucose (plus 33 mU/ml insulin) and 10 mM acetate; 6-aminonicotinamide stimulated the production of L-lactate in either the absence or presence of acetate. Studies with 1-, 6-, and U-14C-labeled glucose indicated that 6-aminonicotinamide increased the proportion of utilized glucose metabolized by the pentose cycle in the absence, but not in the presence of acetate. Unlike results observed in rat adipose tissue, the primary effect of 6-aminonicotinamide was to increase the proportion of NADPH produced by the pentose cycle that was utilized for fat synthesis secondarily to the stimulation of lipogenesis by an unknown mechanism.
6-Aminonicotinamide↗
Survey of state laws and policies regarding foreign medical graduates--II.
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Data Collection↗
Linear IgA bullous dermatosis v dermatitis herpetiformis. Quantitative measurements of dermoepidermal alterations.
Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LAD), also known as "atypical dermatitis herpetiformis," is a disorder that is distinct from classic dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). In eight patients with DH and six with LAD, quantitative assessment of a variety of histopathologic variables was made. The number of rete tips with neutrophils in basal vacuoles and the length of the epidermal basement membrane zone (BMZ) associated with these findings were greater in LAD than DH. The number of microabscesses of neutrophils in the dermal papillae and the length of epidermal BMZ associated with them were greater in DH than in LAD. By using the number of microabscesses and the number of rete tips with neutrophils in basal vacuoles in a probability model, we found by retrospective analysis that a correct diagnosis could be made for LAD in 75% of biopsy specimens with a probability of 97% and in all cases of DH with a probability of 92%. Using this model, we made no misdiagnoses. This is the first diagnostic probability model in dermatopathology that expresses a confidence level in diagnosis.
Adult↗