Biomedical subjects

S B Kim

Publications and source records attributed to S B Kim.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Saccharomonospora conducted with 16S rRNA gene sequences.

Nearly complete sequences of 16S rRNA genes of representative strains of the genus Saccharomonospora were determined following the isolation and cloning of the amplified genes. The sequences were aligned with those of representatives of the family Pseudonocardiaceae, and a phylogenetic tree was inferred by the neighbor-joining method. The genus Saccharomonospora formed a distinct clade within the evolutionary radiation encompassed by the family Pseudonocardiaceae. The average nucleotide similarity value found between the type strains of the four validly described Saccharomonospora species was 97.5% +/- 1.0%. The most distant relationship was found between Saccharomonospora azurea and Saccharomonospora viridis K73 (96.3% similarity). In contrast, Saccharomonospora azurea K161 and "Saccharomonospora caesia" K163 had identical 16S rRNA gene sequences. The nucleotide sequence data suggest that the genus Saccharomonospora contains several new centers of variation.

Actinomycetales↗

PubMed1995

Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locoregional esophageal cancer: preliminary report.

Conventional treatment of esophageal cancer with surgery or radiation alone has afforded few long-term survivors. In order to improve outcome and determine the efficacy of a combined modality approach, this prospective study was performed. Between May 1993 and August 1994, 27 patients with loco-regional squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus were treated with 2 courses of combined fluorouracil(1000mg per square meter of body-surface area daily for 5 days) and cisplatin(60mg per square meter on the first day)(D1 and D29) plus 48Gy of radiation therapy(RT) over 4 weeks. A transhiatal esophagectomy was planned 3-4 weeks after chemoradiotherapy. Twenty-seven patients completed a full course of therapy. Clinical response was evaluable in 26 patients: 22 patients showed improvement and relief from dysphagia, 2 patients stable disease, and 2 patients progression. One patient died of sepsis 1 week after completion of chemoradiotherapy and was excluded from the analysis. Ten patients underwent operation after chemoradiation. Of them, 5 showed complete histologic response. One of the complete responders died of recurred disease 8.5months after operation, the other 2 patients died of sudden death, and sepsis from wound deheiscence 7 days after operation, respectively. Nine patients refused operation because of excellent relief of their dysphagia and 6 patients were denied because of disease progression(2), fear of operations(2), old age and family member's disapprovement(1), and underlying liver cirrhosis(1). The last one patient was awaiting for operation. Of 13 patients who refused or denied operation, 6 patients finished further chemotherapy and radiatherapy(external radiation 1200 cGy+intracavitary radiation 900 cGy, 2 cycles of 5FU+cisplatin). This intensive preoperative chemoradiotherapy is feasible, and allows for a high rate of resectability and a high rate of complete pathologic response in a locoregional esophageal cancer. Toxicity is considerable but manageable. This study warrants further investigation.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Study of transneuronal passage of pseudorabies virus in rat central nervous system by use of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.

We studied the uptake and sequential transneuronal passage of pseudorabies virus (PRV) in rat CNS by use of a combination of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Protocols for rapid detection of PRV by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in rats with PRV infection of the CNS after intranasal instillation of a wild-type strain of PRV were optimized in vitro, using porcine kidney-15 cells. Pseudorabies virus-specific hybridization signals appeared in the cytoplasm and nucleus of PRV-infected porcine kidney-15 cells by postinoculation (PI) hour 6. In tissue sections of PRV-infected rats, PRV nucleic acids were detected in areas of the rat brain in close proximity to the areas in which PRV antigens were evident. The PRV was initially found in the nucleus of trigeminal ganglion neurons at PI hour 24. At PI hour 72, PRV antigens were observed in the mid-brain, and 24 hours later, in the telencephalon. We also found evidence of specific progressive transsynaptic transmission of the virus, and, on the basis of that, we have constructed a map of the synaptic contacts and pathways in the brain. Therefore, combined use of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization was useful for characterizing the pathogenesis of PRV in the CNS of rats after intranasal inoculation, following a pattern that mimics PRV infection of the natural host.

Aging↗

PubMed1995

Atherogenic lipid profile and lipoprotein(a) in relation to serum albumin in haemodialysis patients.

Malnutrition in haemodialysis patients is associated with an increased cardiovascular mortality. Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. To evaluate the relationship between atherogenic lipid profile and serum albumin in haemodialysis patients we measured fasting serum Lp(a), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), apoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), apoprotein B (ApoB) and albumin in 101 haemodialysis patients and in 46 healthy subjects as a control. The haemodialysis patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the level of serum albumin: group I, serum albumin < 4.0 g/dl; group II, serum albumin > or = 4.0 g/dl. Haemodialysis patients as a whole (n = 101, 17.1 mg/dl (10.3-30.9)) had higher serum Lp(a) than normal subjects (n = 46, 10.5 mg/dl (3.3-24)) (P < 0.05). Lp(a) in group I (n = 38, 27.1 mg/dl (14.6-35.0)) was significantly higher than in group II (n = 63, 14.5 mg/dl (7.7-21.7), P < 0.005) and normal subjects (P < 0.0005). However, serum Lp(a) level of group II was not different from those of normal subjects. There was a significant inverse correlation between serum Lp(a) and albumin concentration (rs = -0.26, P < 0.01). TC, TG, HDL-C, ApoA-I, ApoB, TC/HDL-C, and ApoA-I/ApoB ratios were not different between group I and group II. No correlation was found between albumin and TC, TG, HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and ApoA-I/ApoB ratios. These results suggest that Lp(a) could be responsible for an increased cardiovascular mortality in haemodialysis patients with malnutrition.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Clinical value of DMSA planar and single photon emission computed tomography as an initial diagnostic tool in adult women with recurrent acute pyelonephritis.

Routine DMSA scintigraphy, ultrasound (US) of the kidney, intravenous pyelography (IVP) and voiding cystoureterography (VCU) were performed in 27 consecutive adult women with recurrent acute pyelonephritis (APN) during a 12-month follow-up. Both planar and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images were obtained for DMSA scan. DMSA scans were repeated in those patients with abnormal initial scan. DMSA-SPECT showed normal findings in 2, single renal cortical detect (RCD) in 9 and multiple RCD in 16 (including nonvisualization in 2). Of the 11 kidneys with normal findings or single RCD on DMSA-SPECT, only 1 (9%) showed vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) on VCU (grade I). A large proportion of those with multiple RCDs showed abnormal findings on IVP (44%, 7/16), US (38%, 6/16) or VCU (31%, 5/16); 63% in any of these three studies. 5 of 6 patients with VUR had multiple RCDs on DMSA-SPECT, and 3 of these 5 showed no abnormality on IVP or US. 7 patients who needed other managements besides initial standard antibiotic treatment had multiple RCDs on DMSA-SPECT. 15 normal women were also studied and showed normal DMSA-SPECT, US and IVP, in all cases. Follow-up DMSA-SPECT was done in 16 patients (7 with single RCD, 9 with multiple RCD). All 7 patients with single RCD showed improvement, in those with multiple RCDs improvement was observed in 2, no change in 7 on follow-up studies. We conclude: (1) DMSA-SPECT is a useful initial diagnostic tool in adult women with recurrent APN to identify patients who need more extensive radiological studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Effects of low density lipoprotein on type IV collagen production by cultured rat mesangial cells.

Hyperlipidemia, especially hypercholesterolemia, may contribute to glomerulosclerosis as it does to atherosclerosis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) stimulates the production of extracellular matrix by mesangial cells in culture as well as the proliferation of mesangial cells. This study was carried out to examine the effects of LDL on the type IV collagen (CIV) production by cultured rat mesangial cells (CRMC). Subconfluent CRMC monolayers which were grown in RPMI with 20% lipid-free fetal calf serum for 48 h were challenged with LDL (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 micrograms/ml) for another 48 h. LDL was prepared from normal human plasma. Mesangial cell proliferation was examined by [3H]-thymidine uptake. Production of CIV was evaluated as the expression of CIV on the cell surface by flow-cytometric analysis. The collagen synthesis was measured by the [3H]-proline uptake. Total RNA was extracted from CRMC at 6 and 24 h of incubation with 150 micrograms/ml LDL, and Northern blotting and hybridization was performed with cDNAs for alpha 1-CIV, for 72-kD collagenase and for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2. The amount of total mRNA was corrected with beta-actin mRNA. Mesangial cell proliferation increased in all concentrations studied and had a peak value of 221% with 150 micrograms/ml of LDL. Expression of CIV increased by 30-60% in 100-200 micrograms/ml of LDL. Collagen synthesis also increased by 50-70% in 150-200 micrograms/ml of LDL. The mRNA ratio (procollagen alpha 1(IV)/beta-actin) increased to 133% at 24 h. The mRNA ratio (TIMP-2/beta-actin) increased to 137% at 24 h. mRNA ratios at 6 h showed no change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Cytomegalovirus is not specifically associated with immunoglobulin A nephropathy.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been suspected to be involved in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Whether CMV is present in renal tissue of IgAN, however, remains controversial. To determine the presence of CMV in IgAN, compared with other glomerulonephritis (GN) as disease control, polymerase chain reaction amplifying a 159-base-pair fragment of the immediate early gene of CMV and indirect immunofluorescence staining with anti-CMV monoclonal antibody were performed on 10 IgAN and 14 non-IgAN GN renal tissues. CMV DNA was detected in 6 of 10 IgAN tissues and 10 of 14 other GN by polymerase chain reaction, whereas no CMV antigen was detected in all renal tissues by immunofluorescence. This frequent observation of CMV DNA in various types of GN as well as in IgAN would suggest that CMV is not specifically associated with the pathogenesis of IgAN seen in endemic areas of CMV infection.

Antigens, Viral↗

PubMed1994

Acute promyelocytic leukemia is a distinct subset of acute myelocytic leukemia with unique clinicopathologic characteristics including longer duration of relapse free survival: experience in 13 cases.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL) is a subtype of acute myelocytic leukemia(AML) associated with unique features such as the presence of atypical promyelocytes and bleeding tendency due to disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC). In a retrospective study, we analyzed 96 cases of AML seen at our hospital between June, 1989 and December 1993. Thirteen cases of APL(14%) were identified and their clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed. The 86 cases of other types of AML served as controls. The distinct clinicopathologic features of APL as contrasted to other types of AML included younger age of patients, shorter duration of symptom before diagnosis, higher level of albumin at presentation, and a higher proportion of patients having coagulation abnormalities (75 vs. 25%). Bone marrow cellularity was higher in APL when compared to other types of AML (100 vs. 90%, P = 0.013). Of 13 patients with APL, 4 died of bleeding/sepsis between days 2 to 4 after admission. Seven of 9 patients who received induction therapy achieved complete remission(CR). CR rate in APL was similar to other types of AML (78 vs. 64%, P = 0.743). Five of seven patients who achieved CR remain in continuous CR at 9+ to 42+ months. CR duration is significantly longer in APL when compared to other types of AML (P = 0.029). In conclusion, this study showed that APL is a distinct entity among subtypes of AML with clinically significant bleeding tendency and rapidly fatal course if untreated. With appropriate antileukemic therapy, CR can be achieved in the majority of patients and the patients show a longer duration of CR when compared to other types of AML.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1994

A case of coincident multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

A rare case of coexisting multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at the time of diagnosis is presented. The patient presented with petechiae, melena and weight loss. IgA lambda monoclonal gammopathy in the serum and free lambda chain in urine were documented. Bone marrow biopsy demonstrated an interstitial infiltration of neoplastic plasma cells coexisting with localized collection of neoplastic lymphoid cells composed of monotonous small lymphocytes with occasional cleaved nuclei. Immunophenotype of plasma cell was IgA lambda. The patient also had a jejunal mass, with biopsy proven malignant lymphoma, diffuse small cleaved cell type. The tumor was diffusely positive for pan-B marker. After chemotherapy, the IgA lambda monoclonal protein decreased and the patient improved. This case suggest, that the seound B-cell neoplasm may have evolved by transformation of an original neoplastic clone, or that malignant tumors may be polyclonal at onset. Definitive diagnosis and staging of each disorder is important for proper management.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗

PubMed1993

Rapid identification of streptomycetes by artificial neural network analysis of pyrolysis mass spectra.

An artificial neural network was trained to distinguish between three putatively novel species of Streptomyces using normalised, scaled prolysis mass spectra from three representative strains of each of the taxa, each sampled in triplicate. Once trained, the artificial neural network was challenged with spectral data from the original organisms, the 'training set', from additional members of the putative novel taxa and from over a hundred strains representing six other actinomycete genera. All of the streptomycetes were correctly identified but many of the other actinomycetes were mis-identified. A modified network topology was developed to recognise the mass spectral patterns of the non-streptomycete strains. The resultant neural network correctly identified the streptomycetes, whereas all of the remaining actinomycetes were recognised as unknown organisms. The improved artificial neural network provides a rapid, reliable and cost-effective method of identifying members of the three target streptomycete taxa.

Actinomycetales↗

PubMed1993

Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on muscle energy metabolism in patients with end-stage renal disease: a 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study.

To evaluate the effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) on muscle energy metabolism in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 10 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis were given r-HuEPO (3,000 U three times a week for 8 weeks). Intracellular phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate ratios and pH were measured with 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after all-out handgrip exercise, before treatment and at 4 and 8 weeks after r-HuEPO treatment. The same measurements, from 14 normal individuals also were studied for comparison. The hematocrit increased significantly with r-HuEPO treatment, although the dose of r-HuEPO did not correct it to the normal level. The exercise capacity improved significantly. Intracellular pH was not different between the ESRD patients and controls or between before and after r-HuEPO treatment. The phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate ratio at the resting state improved significantly with r-HuEPO treatment, reaching the same level as the normal subjects even before the low hematocrit normalized. The measurements immediately after exercise were the lowest levels obtained (the nadir state) and were not different between groups. In the state of maximum recovery, a pattern was noted that was similar to that found in the resting state. These results showed that r-HuEPO treatment improved the phosphorylation potential during the resting state and the maximum phosphorylation potential during the postexercise recovery phase, and suggest that the treatment improved the rate of oxidative phosphorylation in ESRD patients receiving hemodialysis.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Identification of N2-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-3,8-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5- f]quinoxaline 3',5'-diphosphate, a major DNA adduct, detected by nuclease P1 modification of the 32P-postlabeling method, in the liver of rats fed MeIQx.

The carcinogenic heterocyclic amine 2-amino-3,8-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) is widely distributed in cooked foods. The nuclease P1 method increased the sensitivity of the standard 32P-postlabeling analysis about 1000-fold for detection of MeIQx-DNA adducts. The recovery of MeIQx-DNA adducts by the nuclease P1 method was determined to be about 50% using liver DNA of a rat treated with [14C]MeIQx intragastrically. By the nuclease P1 method five adducts were detected in the liver DNA of rats fed MeIQx and two of them, including the most abundant one, were identified as MeIQx-deoxyguanosine adducts by comparison with the adducts formed in in vitro reactions of N-acetoxy-2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline with the four 2'-deoxyribonucleotides. The most abundant adduct in vivo was identified as N2-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-MeIQx 3',5'-diphosphate (3',5'-pdGp-C8-MeIQx). MeIQx-DNA adduct levels in human tissues could be determined by the nuclease P1 modification of the 32P-postlabeling method in combination with HPLC, and thus provide information on the roles of MeIQx in human carcinogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from multibacillary and paucibacillary leprosy patients by polymerase chain reaction.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of paucibacillary leprosy is often difficult. A method that could confirm the diagnosis is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of M. leprae DNA. This reaction was applied to biopsied tissues of leprotic patients to determine the suitability and sensitivity of the reaction. METHODS: Biopsy samples were taken from previously untreated patients with multibacillary (5 patients) and paucibacillary (3 patients) leprosy, fixed in formalin, and embedded in paraffin. DNA was extracted from paraffin blocks and PCR applied. The sensitivity of the PCR method was tested by using the serially diluted DNA sample as the template. RESULTS: All eight patients showed a positive PCR for M. leprae DNA. The sensitivity was such that a single organism of M. leprae, as counted by staining of the acid-fast bacilli was identified by the PCR. CONCLUSIONS: The PCR method is simple, sensitive, specific, and does not require the use of radioisotopes. It can be applied to the unequivocal diagnosis of paucibacillary leprosy which is difficult by other means. The diagnosis can be obtained within 10 hours.

Blotting, Southern↗

PubMed1993

Exposure to heterocyclic amines.

Many mutagenic heterocyclic amines (HAs) have been isolated from cooked foods and pyrolysates of amino acids and proteins, and the carcinogenicity of 10 of these HAs in rodents and of 1 in monkeys has been reported. Quantification of these carcinogenic HAs in various kinds of cooked foods indicated that the level of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) was highest (0.56-69.2 ng/g), that of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) was second highest (0.64-6.44 ng/g), and those of other HAs were 0.03-2.50 ng/g. Heterocyclic amines were found in urine samples of 10 healthy volunteers consuming a normal diet, but HAs were not detectable in urine samples of three patients receiving parenteral alimentation. These results strongly suggest that humans are continuously exposed to HAs derived from food in the normal diet. Based on quantitative data on the levels of HAs in cooked foods and urine samples, the daily exposures to PhIP and MeIQx were estimated to be 0.1-13.8 micrograms and 0.2-2.6 micrograms per person, respectively. These levels of carcinogenic HAs are in the same range as those of other carcinogens such as N-nitrosodimethylamine and benzo[a]pyrene to which humans are exposed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Adduct formation at C-8 of guanine on in vitro reaction of the ultimate form of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine with 2'-deoxyguanosine and its phosphate esters.

We examined the reactivity of the N-hydroxyamino derivative of a carcinogenic heterocyclic amine, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), after its O-acetylation with four 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-monophosphates. 32P-Postlabeling analysis demonstrated that the levels of adducts with 2'-deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate were much higher than those with the other three nucleotides. 1H-NMR, mass spectral and UV absorption spectral analyses of the major adducts formed by N-acetyoxy-PhIP with 2'-deoxyguanosine and with its phosphate esters indicated that PhIP bound at the C-8 position of guanine, as previously demonstrated with other heterocyclic amines.

Acetic Anhydrides↗

PubMed1992

Differential effects of short and long durations of insulin-induced maternal hypoglycemia upon fetal rat tissue growth and glucose utilization.

We studied the effects of short and long durations of insulin-induced maternal hypoglycemia upon in vivo glucose utilization of several fetal tissues in the rat. Osmotic minipumps filled with insulin were implanted in pregnant rats on d 15 or 18 of gestation (term 21.5 d), and radiolabeled 2-deoxyglucose was used to measure relative glucose utilization rates (rGU) of fetal liver, lung, muscle, kidney, heart, placenta, and brain on d 20 of gestation after 2 or 5 d of hypoglycemia. Maternal plasma glucose concentrations decreased within 24 h of pump placement and remained less than controls throughout gestation. Fetal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations on d 20 were equally reduced after 2 and 5 d of hypoglycemia. Both 2 and 5 d of hypoglycemia were associated with significant reductions in the rGU of fetal liver, lung, and muscle. Reductions in fetal kidney rGU also occurred after 2 and 5 d of hypoglycemia but to a smaller degree. rGU of fetal heart was reduced after 2 d of hypoglycemia, but was normal after 5 d of hypoglycemia. Both 2 and 5 d of hypoglycemia were associated with increased rGU of fetal brain. Five d, but not 2 d of hypoglycemia resulted in decreased fetal weight on d 20 of gestation. However, at term, newborn pups delivered of hypoglycemic mothers weighed significantly less than controls regardless of the timing of minipump placement. Liver, lung, and carcass of these growth-retarded pups weighed less than control tissues, whereas kidney, heart, and brain weights were not affected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Studies on secretion of catecholamine evoked by caffeine from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland.

The influence of caffeine on secretion of catecholamines (CA) was examined in the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland. Caffeine (0.3 mM) perfused into an adrenal vein of the gland produced a marked increase in secretion of CA. This secretory effect of CA evoked by perfusion of caffeine for one minute was considerably prolonged, lasting for more than 90 minutes. The tachyphylaxis to releasing effect of CA induced by caffeine was observed by repeated perfusion of this drug. The caffeine-evoked CA secretion was markedly inhibited by pretreatment with ouabain, trifluoperazine, TMB-8 and perfusion with calcium-free Krebs solution containing 5 mM EGTA, but was not affected by perfusion of calcium-free Krebs solution without other addition. CA secretion evoked by caffeine was not reduced significantly by pretreatment with chlorisondamine but after the first collection of perfusate for 3 min was clearly inhibited. Interestingly, the caffeine-evoked CA secretion was considerably potentiated by pretreatment with atropine or pirenzepine, but after the first collection for 3 min it was markedly decreased. These experimental results suggest that caffeine causes a marked increase in secretion of CA from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland by an extracellular calcium-independent exocytotic mechanism. The secretory effect of caffeine may be mainly due to mobilization of calcium from an intracellular calcium pool in the rat chromaffin cells and partly due to stimulation of both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1991

Mutagenicity of Maillard reaction products from D-glucose-amino acid mixtures and possible roles of active oxygens in the mutagenicity.

The mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without S9 mix of Maillard reaction products (MRP) obtained from equimolar amounts of glucose and amino acids under different pHs was investigated. MRP derived from arginine and lysine exhibited the strongest mutagenicity, and weaker mutagenicity was shown by the mixtures with alanine, serine, threonine and monosodium glutamate. MRP from proline and cysteine had no detectable mutagenicity. Furthermore, glucose-arginine and glucose-lysine reaction mixtures, which presented a marked mutagenicity, showed pH- and browning intensity-dependent expression of their mutagenic activities. The mutagenicity of MRP, especially glucose-arginine and glucose-lysine mixtures, was significantly suppressed by active oxygen scavengers such as cysteine, mannitol, alpha-tocopherol, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reducing agents such as sodium bisulfite and glutathione. Among these desmutagenic factors tested, cysteine, catalase, sodium bisulfite and glutathione had higher desmutagenic activities than the others. Accordingly, it is assumed that the mutagenicity of MRP is due to the direct action of low-molecular-weight compounds such as carbonyls and heterocyclics produced by the Maillard reaction and is enhanced by active oxygens, especially singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide derived from their autoxidation.

Amino Acids↗