Staphylococcal teichoic-acid antibodies.
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Antibodies, Bacterial↗
Biomedical subjects
S B Greenberg
Publications and source records attributed to S B Greenberg.
Ceforanide (BL-S786) in the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.
Ceforanide (BL-S 786) is a new long-acting parenteral cephalosporin which has the major pharmacologic advantage of requiring only twice a day dosage. We treated 28 adult patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia using doses of 500 or 1000 mg every 12 hours. Twenty-four of 28 infections were due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and/or Hemophilus influenzae, and all pathogens were susceptible in vitro to both cephalothin and ceforanide. Patients were treated for a mean of 7.5 days, and all showed a good clinical and radiographic response with no mortality. Of the 13 patients with H. influenzae, the organism could still be recovered during therapy in 9/12 and post therapy in 3/8. One clinical superinfection (sepsis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa) occurred during therapy. Side effects with therapy included thrombocytosis (15), asymptomatic eosinophilia (5), and mild elevation of the serum transaminases (3). These studies suggest that ceforanide is a safe and effective agent for the treatment of adult patients with bacterial pneumonia due to S. pneumoniae; further experience in therapy of H. influenzae is needed because of frequent failure of ceforanide to eradicate this organism from the sputum.
Adult↗
Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis. Two cases and review of the literature in the past decade.
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Adult↗
Cell cytotoxicity due to specific influenza antibody production in vitro after recent influenza antigen stimulation.
Peripheral blood leukocytes, obtained from volunteers after vaccination or natural illness with influenza, were assayed for cytotoxicity against influenza virus-infected cells. Approximately 7 days after vaccination or the onset of respiratory illness, peak cytotoxicity was demonstrated in a chromium-release assay. Secretion of specific antibody against hemagglutinin from the leukocytes during in vitro incubation was demonstrated in quantities that would mediate the cell cytotoxicity observed. Antibody secretion was inhibited by exposure to cycloheximide but not by exposure to trypsin. The secretion of antibody against hemagglutinin from peripheral blood leukocytes occurred only at the time of maximal cytotoxicity. We thus demonstrate secretion of specific antibody in vitro after recent viral antigen stimulation. Moreover, this antibody is capable of conveying cytotoxic capacity to peripheral blood leukocytes that may be important in the recovery process from acute viral infection.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Quantitative nasal cultures from carriers of Staphylococcus aureus: effects of oral therapy with erythromycin, rosamicin, and placebo.
Serial quantitative nasal cultures were performed on 87 healthy nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus, who were randomly assigned to 7 days of oral therapy with erythromycin, rosamicin (an investigational macrolide antibiotic), or placebo. Staphylococcal carrier rates decreased during therapy with both antibiotics; however, erythromycin was significantly more effective in lowering carrier rates than was rosamicin. The anti-staphylococcal effects of both antibiotics were similar when the mean numbers of S. aureus isolated from positive cultures during therapy were compared. Side effects to each regimen were minimal.
Adolescent↗
The lymphocyte response to influenza in humans.
Enumeration of total lymphocytes and T, B, and null lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood of normal volunteers was performed before and at intervals after inoculation with type A influenza virus. Volunteers who subsequently developed infection and illness had larger T-cell counts before inoculation and exhibited an increased number of B lymphocytes during the incubation period and a decrease in all subpopulations during illness, although the greatest decrease occurred in T cells. A decrease in B-cell counts occurred on day 3 in volunteers who exhibited infection, but no illness and no changes occurred in uninfected, well volunteers. Values had returned to baseline by day 21 after inoculation. Thus, the lymphopenia that accompanies influenza involves all subpopulations, but is primarily a decrease in T cells; in addition, differences in T-cell and B-cell populations before and during the incubation period may identify persons who will subsequently develop febrile influenza.
Adult↗
Malignant group B streptococcal endocarditis associated with saline-induced abortion.
A 20-year-old woman developed acute group B streptococcal endocarditis following saline-induced abortion. In the pre-antibiotic era, most cases of group B streptococcal endocarditis occurred in parturient or postabortal women. Currently, this disease is rarely described in obstetrical patients, and no previous cases following saline-induced abortion have been reported. Purulent pericarditis and a perivalvular abscess were present in our patient and represent only the second instance in which these findings have been documented in this disease.
Abortion, Induced↗
Variant-specific antihemagglutinin serum response to type A influenza natural infection and inactivated vaccines in adults.
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Adolescent↗
Amebic peritonitis following rupture of an amebic liver abscess. Successful treatment of two patients.
We present two successfully treated cases of amebic peritonitis. Acute peritonitis secondary to intra-abdominal rupture of an amebic liver abscess is an infrequent but serious complication of invasive amebiasis. Its diagnosis should be considered in anyone with a suspected liver abscess, jaundice, or diarrhea in whom peritonitis develops. This diagnosis should be further suggested in the United States if the patient is a male and is of Mexican origin in areas where this racial group constitutes the majority of cases of amebic disease. Use of radioisotope liver scans and the demonstration of serum precipitins to Endamoeba histolytica may provide rapid evidence of invasive disease, although surgical intervention is often necessary to make a specific diagnosis. Emetine hydrochloride alone or followed by metronidazole combined with surgical drainage is the current treatment for amebic peritonitis.
Adult↗
Antiviral activity of intranasally applied human leukocyte interferon.
Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that the development of antiviral activity of human leukocyte interferon (IF) in nasal epithelial cells is time and concentration dependent and that the loss of intranasally applied human leukocyte IF is rapid. The present studies compared the activity of IF applied intranasally either by nasal drops or by a saturated cotton pledget. Adult volunteers had IF applied to an area of nasal mucosa (2 by 2 cm(2)) either by repeated nose drops or by a saturated cotton pledget that was applied to the nasal mucosa and left in place for 1 h. Nasal epithelial cells scraped from the area of application, as well as the control, untreated side of the same volunteers, were challenged with vesicular stomatitis virus. No significant reduction in mean virus yield was found in volunteers who received 80,000 U by nose drops. Significant reduction (P < 0.025) in mean virus yield was found in cells obtained 4 h after 80,000, 50,000, or 20,000 U was applied by cotton pledget or in volunteers pretreated with oral antihistamines prior to receiving 80,000 U by nose drops. These experiments indicate that nasal epithelial cells can be made antiviral in vivo by application of human leukocyte IF. However, practical usefulness of human leukocyte IF for prophylaxis against respiratory viral infections may depend on the method of local application.
Adult↗
Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to influenza virus-infected cells: response to vaccination and virus infection.
Peripheral blood leukocytes obtained from volunteers at various times following influenza vaccine or live influenza virus infection were assayed for cytotoxicity against influenza virus-infected cells. Cytotoxicity was highest on days 3 and 7 following vaccination with commercial A/Port Chalmers/1/73 inactivated influenza virus vaccine. Maximal cytotoxicity was found 9 days after infection induced by intranasal inoculation of a strain of A/Scotland/840/74 influenza virus. Individuals naturally infected with A/Victoria/3/75 were also found to have elevated cytotoxicity approximately 1 week after onset of illness. Cytotoxicity levels decreased toward base line approximately 30 days after the virus exposure. The effector mechanism(s) responsible for the early, transient elevation in specific immune release to influenza virus-infected cells may be different from the antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity demonstrated in the peripheral blood leukocytes from volunteers who had a remote experience with influenza virus.
Adolescent↗
Determination of immunoglobulin A concentrations in human nasal secretions with a serum immunoglobulin A standard.
By quantitative immunodiffusion tests, nasal secretion immunoglobulin A was underestimated by approximately 5.6-fold when the serum 7S immunoglobulin A standard was employed.
Immunodiffusion↗
Herpes simplex encephalitis treated with vidarabine (adenine arabinoside).
Vidarabine, an antiviral chemotherapeutic agent shown to have in vitro activity against the herpes group of viruses, was administered to five patients with brain biopsy-proved herpes simplex virus encephalitis. The mortality in this small number of patients (one of five or 20%) was less than that in most published reports of patients receiving other treatment modalities or no treatment other than supportive measures. No apparent toxicity was found that was attributable to vidarabine. Neuropsychological impairment of varying degree was noted in four surviving patients tested at two months after treatment and again 12 to 21 months later. Progressive improvement had occurred in three.
Adolescent↗
Cell size in aging monolayer cultures.
Changes in the size of the area covered by individual cultured WI-38 cells as the cultures age have been studied by using a new microphotographic paper cutout technique. This method is nondestructive and noninstrusive and avoids a number of artifacts which can occur in the measurement of suspended cells. The measurements reveal that the decreased cell yield of late passage cultures reflects not only the appearance of a subpopulation of larger cells but also the failure of the cells to utilize all the growth surface available to them.
Cell Division↗
Treatment of hospita-acquired infections with amikacin.
Amikacin was used in the treatment of 56 serious gram-negative infections in 54 patients of whom 47 survived. In six of the seven nonsurvivors, the infections were under control at the time of death. The clinical isolates were multiple drug-resistant gram-negative organisms, with Proteus rettgeri being most common. Forty-five (80%) of these infections were nosocomial in origin, and the genitourinary tract was the source in 39 (70%). Complications directly related to amikacin therapy were few and suggested renal or otologic toxicity. In this series of patients, amikacin appeared to be of therapeutic benefit in the treatment of serious gram-negative infections.
Adolescent↗
Human nasal epithelial cell culture system: evaluation of response to human interferons.
This report describes the response of human nasal epithelial cells to exogenously applied human interferon (IF). To measure the response, a system developed to study human nasal epithelial cells in vitro was used. Nasal epithelial cells responded equally to both leukocyte and fibroblast IF, with development of resistance to virus replication that was time and dose dependent. Cells required contact with 1,000 U of IF (400 69/19 reference units) for 4 h to produce consistently a significant reduction in virus yield. This in vitro cell cultured system may be useful in predicting the in vivo response of human IF in respiratory viral infections.
Biopsy↗
Maintenance of viability and comparison of identification methods for influenza and other respiratory viruses of humans.
A comparison of Hanks balanced salt solution, veal infusion broth (VIB), and charcoal viral transport medium for maintaining viability of type A influenza virus indicated approximately equal survival of virus on all three media at -70 and 4 degrees C, whereas at 25 degrees C virus survived best in VIB. VIB supplemented with bovine serum albumin was used as transport medium in a community-wide surveillance of febrile respiratory disease for influenza viruses. Unfrozen throat swab specimens were placed in VIB and stored at 4 degrees C for up to 5 days without effect on isolation frequencies of either type A or type B influenza virus or type 1 or type 3 parainfluenza virus. Comparison of indirect immunofluorescence with hemadsorption for detection of type A influenza virus in rhesus monkey kidney cultures revealed a requirement for at least five fluorescing cells to eliminate false positive indirect immunofluorescence tests and at least 3 days of incubation to eliminate false negative tests when compared with hemadsorption at later times. Detection frequencies for the two methods after 2 and 3 days of incubation were not significantly different.
Culture Media↗