Biomedical subjects
S Aneja
Publications and source records attributed to S Aneja.
Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres.
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CSF interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and free radicals production in relation to clinical outcome in acute bacterial meningitis.
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship of CSF IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha with free radicals in acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) and to evaluate the clinical outcome in relation to the levels of these cytokines and free radicals in CSF. DESIGN: Prospective with controls. SETTING: Referral unit of a teaching hospital. METHODS: 32 children between 3m-12 yrs of age with proven acute bacterial meningitis comprised the study group. In the control group, 20 children with febrile seizures were included. CSF cytokines- Interleukin Ib and tumour necrosis factor a,free radicals O(2)-, H(2)O(2) and enzymes SOD and CPK were measured in all the children. RESULTS: CSF IL-Ib and TNF-a concentration were markedly elevated in children with ABM (441.5 +/- 216.1 pg/ml, and 1009 +/- 529.1 pg/ml, respectively) as compared to controls (52.67 +/- 6.92 pg/ml, and 86.42 +/- 16.24 pg/ml) (p <0.0001). Free radicals viz., superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide production and enzymes creatinine phosphokinase and superoxide dismutase were also significantly elevated in ABM as compared to controls. There was direct correlation of CSF cytokines with CSF cytology, protein and free radicals production in ABM. Patients who expired or had neurological sequelae had markedly elevated concentrations of cytokines and free radicals. CONCLUSION: IL-I beta, TNF-alpha and free radicals are significantly elevated in CSF of patients with ABM. The concentration of these cytokines correlated well with free radical production, and with routinely measured CSF parameters and had a direct bearing on outcome of ABM
Evaluation of a child with communication disorder.
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CHARGE association.
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An epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome in children in Delhi.
OBJECTIVE: To study clinical profiles and outcome of children of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) during 1996 Delhi epidemic. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Hospital based study. METHODS: Children hospitalized from September to November 1996 were studied. All patients were diagnosed, managed and monitored according to a standard protocol. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty four children (80 (60%) males and 54 (40%) females) were studied. Sixty (45%) children were less than 6 years of age of which 12 presented during infancy. There were 92 (67%) cases of DHF and 42 (33%) cases of DSS. Common symptoms were fever (93%), abdominal pain (49%) and vomiting (68%). The commonest hemorrhagic manifestation was hematemesis (39%) followed by epistaxis (36%) and skin bleeds (33%). Hepatomegaly was observed in 97 (72%) cases and splenomegaly in 25 (19%). Serology was positive (IgM hemaglutination antibody titres > 1: 160) for dengue type 2 in 31 (80%) of 39 patients in whom sera was tested during the acute phase of illness. Mortality was 6%. Hematocrit > 40% was observed in only 25 (18%) patients and hence the management protocol was based on clinical signs and symptoms and not on hematocrit. CONCLUSIONS: A management protocol of DHF/DSS in which fluid therapy is not based on haematocrit values needs to be formulated.
Tuberculous meningitis in early infancy.
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Echinostoma ilocanum infection.
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Hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia.
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Assessment of nutritional status of adolescents.
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Multifocal cystic bone tuberculosis with lupus vulgaris and lymphadenitis.
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Acute bacterial meningitis.
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Convulsions in tuberculous meningitis.
One-hundred-and-thirty-six children below 12 years of age hospitalized with a diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) have been investigated to identify the underlying cause of convulsions. One-hundred-and-one children (74 per cent) presented with seizures before and/or during hospitalization. Generalized tonic and clonic seizures (GTCS) were the commonest (58 per cent) type of seizures followed by focal seizures (FS) (38 per cent) and tonic spasms (TS) (4 per cent). EEG changes were more frequently observed in cases with FS and in those children with GTCS who presented after first week of hospitalization. EEG findings included generalized dysrythmia with paroxysmal slow activity (38 per cent), interhemispheric asymmetry (23 per cent), multiple spike and wave pattern (10 per cent), and focal spike and wave pattern (15 per cent). CT scan findings were more common in those children with GTCS and TS who presented with recurrent seizures and/or seizures manifesting after first week of hospitalization. FS presenting at any stage of the disease were associated with CT scan abnormalities. Abnormalities detected in CT scan of brain included meningeal enhancement (55 per cent), hydrocephalus (32 per cent), tuberculomas (27 per cent), and cerebral infarctions (13 per cent). Clinical presentation and investigations indicate that the probable cause of convulsions could be attributed to cerebral edema (57 per cent), syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (35 per cent), hydrocephalus (32 per cent), tuberculoma (27 per cent), abnormal electric focus (25 per cent), and cerebral infarction (13 per cent).
Long-term anticonvulsant therapy in tuberculous meningitis--a four-year follow-up.
A treatment protocol for long-term anticonvulsant therapy (ACT) in children with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) has been followed depending upon clinical characteristics and EEG/CT scan findings suggestive of the underlying cause of convulsions. Sixty-three children which included all patients with focal seizures (FS), and those with generalized tonic and clonic seizures (GTCS), and tonic spasms (TS) manifesting more than once during hospitalization and/or associated with abnormal CT/EEG findings were given long-term ACT (Group A). Thirty-eight cases with GTCS before hospitalization, and/or not more than one seizure during first week of hospitalization and without any specific CT/EEG abnormalities (Group B) and 35 cases without any seizures (Group C) did not receive any ACT. Forty-four patients who were finally discharged on long-term ACT, were given phenobarbitone (57 per cent), phenytoin (23 per cent), and a combination of phenobarbitone+phenytoin (14 per cent), and phenobarbitone+sodium valproate (7 per cent). Follow-up was continued for 4 years with 93, 84 and 81 per cent attendance, respectively, in groups A, B and C. Some of the side-effects observed with anti-convulsant drugs included gingival hypertrophy in 11 out of 16 cases (69 per cent) on phenytoin, hyperkinetic behaviour in 3 out of 34 (9 per cent) cases on phenobarbitone, hypocalcaemia in 3 out of 44 cases (7 per cent), hypophosphataemia in 10 out of 44 cases (23 per cent) and increase in alkaline phosphatase in 14 out of 44 cases (32 per cent). CT scan of brain repeated in six cases with multiple tuberculomas showed marked improvement. While 4 out of 41 (10 per cent) cases in group A had recurrence of seizures in the follow-up, only 2 out of 28 cases (7 per cent) in group B presented with GTCS during first 3 months after discharge which was successfully controlled by long-term ACT in later part of the follow-up. Two out of 21 cases (10 per cent) in group C also presented with myoclonic seizures 3 and 5 months after discharge. There was no statistically significant difference in the recurrence/appearance of seizures in the three groups (P = > 0.05). Our results suggest that long-term ACT is not indicated in all cases of TBM with seizures. In view of the known side-effects of anticonvulsant drugs and danger of interaction with antitubercular drugs, it is mandatory to clinically evaluate the patients, identify the cause and restrict long-term ACT only to those cases who are likely to have some abnormal focus resulting in secondary epilepsy. All the cases with FS and some of the patients with GTCS and TS may need to be started on ACT. However, a close follow-up is necessary in all particularly in those for whom ACT has been withheld.
Sensorineural hearing loss following acute bacterial meningitis--a prospective evaluation.
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Headaches in children and adolescents.
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Kala-azar: experience from a non-endemic area in India.
Resurgence of Kala-Azar in India has posed many problems. Apart from patients from endemic areas, cases are being reported from non-endemic areas also. In the present series, four out of 26 patients were from non-endemic areas. Other than diagnostic difficulties, resistance to stibogluconate and relapse are common problems which were seen in eight patients. The clinical profile of cases, their management, and how the problem of resistance was tackled are described.