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Biomedical subjects

S A Allen

Publications and source records attributed to S A Allen.

28 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Rumen bacterial protein synthesis and the proportion of dietary protein escaping degradation in the rumen of sheep.

1. The effect of supplementing barley diets with urea (U), extracted, decorticated groundnut meal (GNM) or Peruvian fish meal (PFM) on rumen bacterial protein synthesis and the proportion of undegraded food protein passing to the duodenum of sheep has been examined. 2. Three wethers were given isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets containing (g/kg dry matter (DM)): U 20, GNM 106 or PFM 78, the crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) contents being 139, 145 and 148 respectively. The sheep were fed hourly, the mean daily intake of DM being 0.634 kg. 3. Rumen bacterial protein synthesis was determined using 35S and diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) as bacterial markers and polyethylene glycol (PEG) and chromic oxide as markers of digesta flow. Rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) production rate was determined by a continuous infusion of [1-14C]acetate. 4. 35S and DAPA gave similar estimates of the proportion of bacterial N in the trichloroacetic acid-precipitable nitrogen of the rumen digesta, the mean value being 0.86. The VFA production rate did not vary significantly between diets, the mean being 5.8 mol/24 h. The flow of bacterial N from the rumen was calculated from the PEG and CR2O3 estimates of flow and the 35S and DAPA estimates of the proportion of bacterial N in the rumen. 35S and DAPA gave similar values (mean 12.5 g/24 h) and Cr2O3 gave a slightly lower value (11.5 g/24 h) than PEG (13.5 g/24 h). Dietary effects, averaged over the four methods, were not significant; the values were 13.0, 13.4 and 11.0 g/24 h for the U, GNM and PFM diets respectively. 5. Duodenal samples were taken from two 12 h continuous collections from re-entrant cannulas and the DM flow adjusted to total recovery of Cr2O3. The mean recovery Cr2O3 at the duodenum was 0.798. The rates of flow of DM were 0.296, 0.311 and 0.334 kg/24 h and of non-ammonia-N (NAN) 13.5, 15.2 and 15.4 g/24 h on the U, GNM and PFM diets respectively. 6. The concentrations of the essential amino acids in duodenal digesta were generally higher with the PFM diet than with either of the other two diets. The flow of most amino acids through the duodenum was generally higher on the PFM and GNM diets than on the U diet. 7. The energetic efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis was calculated to be 2.1 g bacterial N/mol VFA or 28 g bacterial N/kg organic matter fermented in the rumen. 8. From the estimates of bacterial N flow the rumen and NAN flow through the duodenum it was calculated that 0.22 and 0.69 of the supplemental N from GNM and PFM respectively passed through the rumen undegraded.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1976

Determination of nitrogen requirement for microbial growth from the effect of urea supplementation of a low N diet on abomasal N flow and N recycling in wethers and lambs.

1. Plasma urea entry rate, urinary area excretion and, by difference, urea recycling in the body, together with the flow of non-ammonia N through the abomasum and digestion of dry matter (DM) before the abomasum were determined in both wethers and lambs receiving cereal-starch diets supplemented with urea to give 60-120 g crude protein (N X 6-25)/kg DM. 2. Lambs excreted less urea in urine than wethers given the same diet. 3. Relationships between plasma urea entry rate or urine urea excretion rate and plasma urea concentration were different for lambs compared to wethers suggesting greater conservation of body N by renal control in lambs. 4. Recycling of urea was not related to plasma urea concentration in wethers but was related exponentially in lambs, suggesting recycling is controlled rather than the result of simple diffusion from the blood to the gastro-intestinal tract. 5. Abomasal non-ammonia-N flow was similar for wethers and lambs and increased linearly with urea supplementation. 6. DM digestion prior to the abomasum was not significantly altered, although there was a tendency for decreased digestion of the basal diet given to lambs. 7. Maximum microbial N flow to the abomasum was estimated as 30 g N/kg organic matter (OM) fermented in the rumen. 8. This work and the literature reviewed suggested maximum net microbial production can be obtained when the diet supplies an amount of fermentable N equal to the microbial N output. It is calculated the diet should supply approximately 26 g fermentable N/kg digestible OM or 1-8 g fermentable N/MJ metabolizable energy. This corresponds to a fermentable crude protein supply varying from 65 to 130 g/kg DM as digestible OM content increases from 400 to 800 g/kg DM.

Abomasum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perforation rate using a single pair of orthopedic gloves vs. a double pair of gloves in obstetric cases.

Our purpose was to determine the perforation rate for a single pair of orthopedic gloves vs. a double pair of regular gloves in obstetric cases. Faculty, residents, medical students, and surgical technicians were assigned randomly to use either double gloves or single orthopedic gloves. After each procedure, the gloves were examined by filling with water, occluding the cuff, and observing for streams of water. The perforation rate for the double gloves (both inner and outer glove at the same location) was 7% (12/169), similar to the 7% (12/172) for single orthopedic gloves (P < 0.9). After adjusting for procedure type there was no association between the type of gloves and perforation rate. Fifty-four percent of all perforations were not recognized intraoperatively. Of those individuals with glove perforations, 4/24 (17%) observed blood on the hand at the end of the procedure. Double-gloved users complained more frequently than single-gloved users of loss of dexterity (77/169, 46%, 95% CI 38-53%) vs. (6/172, 3.5%, 95% CI 0.7-6%) (P < 0.001) and numbness (12/169, 7%, 95% CI 3.2-11%) vs (1/172 0.6%, 95% CI 0.55-1.7%) (P < 0.005). Although the use of a single pair of orthopedic gloves is more costly than a double pair of regular gloves ($78 vs. $15 per box), it is as safe and as effective as a double pair of gloves in maintaining a sterile barrier. The primary advantage of a single pair of orthopedic gloves is that surgical dexterity is minimally compromised when compared to double gloves.

Equipment Failure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medicare case management.

Medicare reimbursement allows home care nurses to provide management and evaluation (MAE) of the patient care. The service is a model of nurses providing case management for persons at risk for rehospitalization. This article describes the program, lists criteria for identifying MAE-eligible patients, and describes documentation issues when providing MAE-type care.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phase I evaluation of doxorubicin and whole-body hyperthermia in dogs with lymphoma.

Fifteen previously untreated dogs with histologically confirmed, high-grade multicentric lymphoma were entered into a phase I study to evaluate combined doxorubicin and whole-body hyperthermia (DOX/WBH). Groups of three, four, and eight dogs were treated with whole-body hyperthermia and concurrent doxorubicin at 12 mg/m2, 24 mg/m2 and 30 mg/m2, respectively, after one doxorubicin induction dose at 30 mg/m2. Plateau temperature (42 +/- 0.1 degree C) was maintained for 90 minutes using a radiant heating device. A total of five DOX/WBH treatments per dog were planned, and these were given every 21 days. Treatment-related toxicity was not seen in the 12-mg/m2 doxorubicin dose group. Tumor progression prohibited administration of more than three DOX/WBH treatments to any dog in the 12-mg/m2 group. Premature ventricular contractions developed after the fifth treatment in one of the four dogs treated with 24 mg/m2 of doxorubicin. Two dogs (25%) in the 30-mg/m2 dose group had treatment-related toxicity. One dog experienced acute serious myelosuppression 1 week after the third treatment. This dog received all planned DOX/WBH treatments. Asymptomatic cardiac toxicosis consisting of decreased ejection fraction and fractional shortening developed in the second dog. This dog received only two DOX/WBH treatments. The three dogs treated at 12 mg/m2 had partial responses of short duration (60-83 days). Four dogs treated at 24 mg/m2 had complete responses for 150, 164, 186, and 200 days. Eight dogs treated at 30 mg/m2 had complete responses with a mean and median duration of 241 and 190 days, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phase I study of melphalan alone and melphalan plus whole body hyperthermia in dogs with malignant melanoma.

The maximum tolerated dose of melphalan combined with whole body hyperthermia (WBH) in dogs with spontaneous malignant melanoma was lower than in dogs not receiving WBH by a factor of 1.9 +/- 0.71. Thirty-three dogs were treated monthly with escalating doses of melphalan and followed weekly for toxicity and, when possible, tumour response. Toxicity was manifested as myelosuppression with nadir neutrophil and platelet counts occurring at 7-10 days post-treatment. The TD50 (+/- S.E.), defined by logistic regression analysis, was 0.63 (+/- 0.07) mg/kg and 0.33 (+/- 0.10) mg/kg for melphalan alone and combined with WBH, respectively. Objective tumour response in this limited series occurred in three of fourteen evaluable dogs (three of eleven treated with melphalan alone and none of three treated with WBH plus melphalan). It is concluded that melphalan combined with WBH can be safely administered, although a reduction in dose is necessary. A randomized clinical trial is required to investigate the possibility of achieving therapeutic benefit from combined melphalan and WBH.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Atypical infective endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: Although infective endocarditis has changed in the recent past as a result of microbiologic and risk factors, it continues to be clinically challenging. The disease is characterized by the formation of septic masses of platelets on the surfaces of heart valves. Several mechanisms can cause or contribute to the development of endocarditis. Although risk factors for infective endocarditis are well known, patients with atypical signs and symptoms continue to challenge us. METHODS: We describe a case report of a patient admitted to our inpatient service with back pain and presumed pyelonephritis. A MEDLINE literature search was conducted, using the key words "endocarditis," "back pain," and "bacterial," for the years 1986 to the present. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A 42-year-old woman with a history of intravenous drug abuse was admitted to the family practice service with back pain and pyelonephritis. She developed hypoxia and a new heart murmur and had continued fevers. Blood cultures drawn in the emergency department grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A bone scan and magnetic resonance imaging led to the diagnosis of epidural abscess. What appeared to be a simple case of pyelonephritis with back pain became a case of infective endocarditis complicated by an epidural abscess.

Adult↗