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Biomedical subjects

Rolf Rossaint

Publications and source records attributed to Rolf Rossaint.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Xenon does not prolong neuromuscular block of rocuronium.

With the exception of xenon, the interaction between muscle relaxants and inhaled anesthetics is known. We therefore compared the pharmacodynamics of rocuronium during xenon anesthesia versus a total IV anesthesia with propofol. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and remifentanil in both the xenon and propofol groups (each n = 20). The xenon group received xenon via face mask until an end-expiratory concentration of 60% was maintained for 1 min. Meanwhile, the acceleromyograph (TOF-Watch SX(R)) was calibrated and a frequent train-of-four stimulation of the musculus adductor pollicis was started. After stabilization of the signal for 5 min, a single bolus of 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium was injected. Anesthesia was maintained with xenon and remifentanil (xenon group) or with propofol and remifentanil (propofol group). There were no significant differences between the groups concerning the onset time (xenon group 125 +/- 33 and propofol group 144 +/- 43 s), duration (xenon group 33.2 +/- 10.8 and propofol group 32.6 +/- 8.4 min), recovery index (xenon group 9.4 +/- 6.6 and propofol group 8.4 +/- 5.3 min), and clinical recovery (xenon group 18.0 +/- 10.2 and propofol group 17.1 +/- 8.5 min). We conclude that the neuromuscular blocking effects of rocuronium are not different when given during propofol versus xenon anesthesia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Perioperative management and monitoring in anaesthesia.

In recent years, several risk factors for adverse outcome in patients undergoing anaesthesia have been identified. Besides human errors, cardiovascular and respiratory complications are associated with substantial morbidity. Assessment of complications has promoted the introduction of basic physiological monitoring in clinical practice. Whether monitoring directly affects outcome is not proven; however, circumstantial evidence suggests that basic cardiorespiratory monitoring decreases the incidence of serious accidents. Prevention of hypothermia also reduces anaesthesia-related morbidity. Measurement of body temperature is mandatory, and active warming is a simple, effective technique to avoid hypothermia. Evidence is growing that patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease should be treated with beta blockers perioperatively. Whether the type of anaesthesia-ie, general or regional-is relevant to perioperative mortality remains unclear. In subgroups of patients at high risk, neuraxial anaesthesia reduces the rate of respiratory and cardiovascular complications.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2003

Effect of propofol on adhesion of activated platelets to leukocytes in human whole blood.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of propofol and its solvent Intralipid on the adhesion of activated platelets to leukocytes in vitro. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study in an experimental laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen healthy volunteers. INTERVENTIONS: Whole blood was incubated for 60 min with propofol (4, 40 micro g/ml), an equal volume of Intralipid 10% or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After stimulation with adenosine-5-diphosphate (ADP) platelet-leukocyte adhesion and platelet surface expression of P-selectin, GPIb and fibrinogen-binding to platelets were evaluated by flow cytometry. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The 4 micro g/ml concentration of propofol did not alter binding of platelets to leukocytes, expression of P-selectin, GPIb and fibrinogen binding to platelets. The 40 micro g/ml concentration of propofol reduced spontaneous and ADP-induced formation of platelet-neutrophil conjugates compared with PBS and the equal volume of Intralipid. In addition, binding of ADP-activated platelets to monocytes were also inhibited by 40 micro g/ml propofol. Following incubation with propofol, platelets showed reduced binding of fibrinogen in the unstimulated and ADP-stimulated blood samples as well as a lower percentage of platelets with bound fibrinogen. Effects dependent on the solvent Intralipid were enhanced adhesion of platelets to monocytes in comparison with propofol (40 micro g/ml) and PBS. CONCLUSION: In clinically used concentrations, propofol does not alter the adhesion of platelets to leukocytes in vitro. At ten-fold anesthetic concentration propofol reduced the formation of platelet-neutrophil and platelet-monocyte conjugates. We suggest that this effect is due to an inhibition of fibrinogen-binding to platelets by propofol. These effects were all independent of the propofol carrier Intralipid.

Anesthetics, Intravenous↗
PubMed2003

Dose-response characteristics during long-term inhalation of nitric oxide in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective, randomized, controlled study.

Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) improves systemic oxygenation (PaO2/FIO2) in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, individual response varies, and previous trials demonstrated no outcome benefit. This prospective, randomized study in 40 ARDS patients analyzed dose-response (DR) characteristics during long-term inhaled NO. Patients were randomized for conventional therapy (control) or continuous treatment with 10 parts per million (ppm) inhaled NO until weaning was initiated. We measured DR curves of PaO2/FIO2 versus the inhaled NO dose at regular intervals. Before treatment (Day 0), peak improvement in PaO2/FIO2 was achieved at 10 ppm for both control and NO-treated patients. After 4 days, the DR curve of the NO-treated patients was left shifted with a peak response at 1 ppm. At higher doses (10 and 100 ppm), oxygenation deteriorated, and the response to inhaled NO disappeared in several patients. This effect was not observed in the control group. There was no effect of inhaled NO on duration of mechanical ventilation or stay at the intensive care unit. In conclusion, long-term inhaled NO with constant doses of 10 ppm leads to enhanced sensitivity after several days and does do not allow reduction of ventilation parameters. Hence, previous trials on therapy with inhaled NO in ARDS should be carefully interpreted, as they used constant NO concentrations, which may have become overdoses leading to deterioration of oxygenation after several days.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Activation of STAT3 by IL-6 and IL-10 in primary human macrophages is differentially modulated by suppressor of cytokine signaling 3.

On human macrophages IL-10 acts as a more potent anti-inflammatory cytokine than IL-6, although both cytokines signal mainly via activation of the transcription factor STAT3. In this study we compare IL-10 and IL-6 signaling in primary human macrophages derived from blood monocytes. Pretreatment of macrophages with PMA or the proinflammatory mediators LPS and TNF-alpha blocks IL-6-induced STAT3 activation, whereas IL-10-induced activation of STAT3 remains largely unaffected. Although LPS induces the feedback inhibitor suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in macrophages, inhibition of IL-6 signal transduction by LPS occurs rapidly and does not depend on gene transcription. We also found that pretreatment of macrophages with IL-10 inhibits subsequent STAT3 activation by IL-6, whereas IL-10-induced STAT3 activation is not affected by preincubation with IL-6. This cross-inhibition is dependent on active transcription and might therefore be explained by different sensitivities of IL-10 and IL-6 signaling toward the feedback inhibitor SOCS3, which is induced by both cytokines. In contrast to the IL-6 signal transducer gp130, which has been previously shown to recruit SOCS3 to one of its phosphotyrosine residues (Y759), peptide precipitation experiments suggest that SOCS3 does not interact with phosphorylated tyrosine motifs of the IL-10R. Taken together, different sensitivities of IL-10 and IL-6 signaling toward mechanisms that inhibit the Janus kinase/STAT pathway define an important mechanism that contributes to the different anti-inflammatory potencies of these two cytokines.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2003

Procalcitonin serum levels after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

The time course of Procalcitonin (PCT) serum levels was assessed in cardiac arrest survivors and compared with S-100 serum levels concerning their predictive values for neurological outcome. PCT and S-100 serum levels were analyzed serially on admission and during the following 3 days after hospitalization in 23 patients successfully resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. At day 14 patients were divided into groups according to the Glasgow-Outcome-Scale (GOS): one group with bad neurological outcome (GOS 1-3) and one group with good neurological outcome (GOS 4-5). Group comparisons were performed with the Mann-Whitney U-Test. The diagnostic performance of PCT and S-100 levels was analyzed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC). Patients with a bad neurological outcome had significantly higher S-100 levels than those with a good neurological outcome at all investigated time points and significantly elevated PCT levels at days 1-3. Highest levels for S-100 were found immediately after hospitalization (3.4 +/- 3.8 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.3 microg/l, P=0.003), and for PCT at day 1 (37 +/- 103 vs. 0.2 +/- 0.2 microg/l, P=0.0002). The results show that PCT serum levels are possibly elevated in patients with bad neurological outcome after cardiac arrest, without signs of severe infection or concomitant sepsis. Based on this observation, studies on larger numbers of patients should prove the predictive value of PCT in those patients.

After-Hours Care↗
PubMed2003

Influence of different heparin concentrations on the results of in vitro investigations in plasmaseparation technology using capillary membrane filters.

Capillary membrane filters are devices commonly used for plasmapheresis and recirculating detoxification systems, including plasmaseparation units. Besides clinical trials and case reports, research on plasmafiltration techniques is carried out using in vitro systems. Notably, such hemoperfused in vitro systems require anticoagulation protocols suitable for investigating the clearance performance and hemocompatibility of a plasmafilter. This study analyzes how different heparin concentrations affect filtration performance and the hemocompatibility under conditions typically employed during in vitro experiments. Porcine blood from healthy slaughtered animals was used in an in vitro circuit. The blood collecting system was primed with heparin. Depending on the study group, blood was anticoagulated with either 2.5 IU/ml or 5 IU/ml heparin. The filters were n=10 PF1000N (effective membrane surface: 0.15 m2). For each experiment, the maximal permissible flow rate was established by determining the point where spontaneous hemolysis occurred and/or pressure values exceeded the highest limit of the pressure units on the apheresis monitor. Sieving coefficients of ten parameters, platelet counts, and coagulation patterns were determined at the lowest and highest blood flow (Qb) and filtration rates (Qf). Except for the activated clotting time (ACT), both anticoagulation protocols caused the blood to respond to its exposition to the plasmafilters concerning the activation and inhibition of the coagulation system. A significant decrease in platelet counts did not occur. There were sporadic differences in sieving properties between the groups. However, heparinization with 2.5 IU/ml resulted in unreproducible flow rate profiles, and pressure levels were higher than in the group with 5 IU/ml heparin. Compared to heparinization at 2.5 IU/ml, higher levels of heparinization stabilize rheological properties of the blood, and thereby increase the reliability of data obtained from plasmafiltration experiments carried out in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Extracorporeal gas exchange with the DeltaStream rotary blood pump in experimental lung injury.

In most severe cases of the acute respiratory distress syndrome, veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be used to facilitate gas exchange. However, the clinical use is limited due to the size and the concomitant risk of severe adverse events of conventionally-used centrifugal blood pumps with high extracorporeal blood volumes. The DeltaStream blood pump is a small-sized rotary blood pump that may reduce extracorporeal blood volume, foreign surfaces, contact activation of the coagulation system, and blood trauma. The aim of the present study was to test the safety and efficacy of the DeltaStream pump for ECMO in animals with normal lung function and experimental acute lung injury (ALI). Therefore, veno-venous ECMO was performed for 6 hours in mechanically ventilated pigs with normal lung function (n=6) and with ALI induced by repeated lung lavage (n=6) with a blood flow of 30% of the cardiac output. Gas flow with a FiO2 of 1.0 was set to equal blood flow. With a mean activated clotting time of 121 +/- 22 s, no circulatory impairment or thrombus formation was revealed during ECMO. Furthermore, free plasma Hb did not increase. In controls, hemodynamics and gas exchange remained unchanged. In animals with ALI, hemodynamics remained stable and gas transfer across the extracorporeal oxygenators was optimal, but only in 2 animals was a marked increase in PaO2 observed. CO2 removal was efficacious in all animals. We concluded that the DeltaStream blood pump may be used for veno-venous ECMO without major blood damage or hemodynamic impairment.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of isoflurane with different xenon concentrations in Swine.

UNLABELLED: For patients requiring a fraction of inspired oxygen more than 0.3, the use of xenon (Xe) as the sole anesthetic is limited because of its large minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) of 71%. This warrants investigating the combination of Xe with other inhaled anesthetics. We therefore investigated the influence of Xe on the MAC of isoflurane. The study was performed in 10 swine (weight, 28-35 kg) ventilated with Xe 0%, 15%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 65% in oxygen. For each Xe concentration, various concentrations of isoflurane were administered in a step-wise design. For each combination, a supramaximal pain stimulus (claw-clamp) was applied, and the appearance of a withdrawal reaction was recorded. The isoflurane MAC was defined as the end-tidal concentration required to produce a 50% response rate. At each Xe concentration, the responses to the pain stimulus were categorized, and a logistic regression model was fitted to the results to determine isoflurane MAC. Isoflurane MAC was decreased by inhalation of Xe in a nonlinear manner from 1.92% (95% confidence interval, 1.70%-2.15%) with 0% Xe to 1.17% (95% confidence interval, 0.75%-1.59%) with 65% Xe. Although this indicates partial antagonism of the two anesthetics, a combination of Xe with isoflurane may prove valuable for patients requiring a fraction of inspired oxygen more than 0.3. IMPLICATIONS: We investigated the influence of the anesthetic gas xenon on the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) for isoflurane (another anesthetic gas). The study was performed in 10 swine ventilated with fixed xenon and various concentrations of isoflurane. The isoflurane MAC is decreased by inhalation of xenon in a nonlinear relationship.

Anesthetics, Inhalation↗
PubMed2003

Multicenter randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of xenon and isoflurane in patients undergoing elective surgery.

BACKGROUND: All general anesthetics used are known to have a negative inotropic side effect. Since xenon does not have a negative inotropic effect, it could be an interesting future general anesthetic. The aim of this clinical multicenter trial was to test the hypothesis of whether recovery after xenon anesthesia is faster compared with an accepted, standardized anesthetic regimen and that it is as effective and safe. METHOD: A total of 224 patients in six centers were included in the protocol. They were randomly assigned to receive either xenon (60 +/- 5%) in oxygen or isoflurane (end-tidal concentration, 0.5%) combined with nitrous oxide (60 +/- 5%). Sufentanil (10 mcirog) was intravenously injected if indicated by defined criteria. Hemodynamic, respiratory, and recovery parameters, the amount of sufentanil, and side effects were assessed. RESULTS: The recovery parameters demonstrated a statistically significant faster recovery from xenon anesthesia when compared with isoflurane-nitrous oxide. The additional amount of sufentanil did not differ between both anesthesia regimens. Hemodynamics and respiratory parameters remained stable throughout administration of both anesthesia regimens, with advantages for the xenon group. Side effects occurred to the same extent with xenon in oxygen and isoflurane-nitrous oxide. CONCLUSION: This first randomized controlled multicenter trial on the use of xenon as an inhalational anesthetic confirms, in a large group of patients, that xenon in oxygen provides effective and safe anesthesia, with the advantage of a more rapid recovery when compared with anesthesia using isoflurane-nitrous oxide.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗
PubMed2003

Effects of inhalational anesthetics on L-type Ca2+ currents in human atrial cardiomyocytes during beta-adrenergic stimulation.

BACKGROUND: Anesthetics may cause cardiac side effects by their action on L-type Ca2+ channels. Direct effects on the channels have not yet been discriminated from an interference with the beta-adrenergic channel regulation. The authors therefore studied the effects of halothane, sevoflurane, and xenon on human cardiac Ca2+ currents during stimulation with isoproterenol. METHODS: Currents through L-type Ca2+ channels were measured with the patch clamp technique in atrial cardiomyocytes obtained from patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Cells were superfused with solutions equilibrated with anesthetics at the desired concentrations. Ca2+ currents during pulses to 10 mV were evaluated with respect to their peak value (I(max)) and to the total moved charge (Q). RESULTS: In the absence and in the presence of isoproterenol (1 microm), sevoflurane (0.29 mm, 1 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]) significantly depressed Q by 37.8 +/- 7.2% (mean +/- SD) and 40.8 +/- 10.3%, respectively. I(max) was not significantly affected in comparison with control cells never exposed to an anesthetic. Xenon (65%, 1 MAC) did not evoke significant effects. Exposure to halothane (0.39 mm, 1 MAC) during stimulation with isoproterenol significantly reduced Q by 31.3 +/- 23.3% (but not I(max)). After washout of halothane, Q was increased above the level prior to the application of halothane. Moreover, whereas Q promptly declined to baseline levels after washout of isoproterenol in controls, the previous exposure to halothane markedly delayed this decline, leaving Q significantly elevated for several minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Halothane exerts a dual effect on Ca2+ currents. The long-lasting stimulatory effect may contribute to the proarrhythmic potency of the drug that exceeds that of sevoflurane, which only depressed Ca2+ currents.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed2003

Modulating the pulmonary circulation: an update.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Disorders of the pulmonary circulation might develop as a primary disease process of the pulmonary vascular bed or, more often, as the acute or chronic consequence of pulmonary or cardiac pathologies. For the anaesthesiologist and intensivist it is particularly interesting to gain insight into the regulation of the pulmonary circulation since pulmonary hypertension and concomitant right heart failure contribute to high perioperative mortality rates in patients at risk, especially after cardiac surgery. Therefore, modulation of the pulmonary circulation may be a life-saving therapy in patients suffering from acute or chronic pulmonary circulatory disorders. Furthermore, routinely performed intra-operative interventions such as the use of volatile anaesthetics or cardiopulmonary bypass systems may have relevant side effects on the pulmonary circulation. RECENT FINDINGS: This review focuses on new insights into the modulation of pulmonary circulation during general anaesthesia with volatile anaesthetics and anaesthesiological management during cardiopulmonary surgery. Recent publications in the field of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, one-lung ventilation and heart and lung transplantation are discussed. Furthermore, the role of conventional and experimental therapeutic strategies to modulate pulmonary circulation in intensive care medicine is reviewed. SUMMARY: Despite the performance of a large number of clinical and experimental studies, the pathophysiology of pulmonary circulatory disorders is not completely understood. Therefore, any new therapy has to be carefully evaluated as a therapeutic option. Several formerly experimental therapeutic interventions such as inhaled vasodilators, however, appear to have found their way into clinical practice for selected indications.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Anaesthetic considerations in patients with chronic pulmonary disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic pulmonary diseases are getting more important in daily anaesthetic practice, because prevalence is increasing and improved anaesthetic techniques have led to the abandonment of previous contraindications to anaesthesia. It is therefore essential for the anaesthetist to be up to date with current clinical concepts and their impact on the conduction of anaesthesia as well as new insights into how to anaesthetise these patients safely. RECENT FINDINGS: If patients are treated adequately, open and minimally invasive operations can be safely performed under regional and general anaesthesia. The management of acute exacerbations remains challenging, and first-line medical treatment should be supported by non-invasive ventilation. In controlled mechanical ventilation, parameters should be set to avoid dynamic hyperinflation. SUMMARY: Assessing the functional status of patients admitted for surgery remains a difficult task, and in patients identified as being at risk by clinical examination additional spirometry and blood gas measurements may be helpful. If there are flow limitations and signs of respiratory failure, the anaesthetist should be highly alarmed and monitor the patient closely and invasively, yet there is no reason to deny any patient a substantially beneficial operation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Low-dose multislice spiral computed tomography in acute lung injury: animal experience.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To compare low-dose multislice spiral CT (MSCT) with a standard protocol for the evaluation of acute lung injury (ALI) in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven healthy intubated pigs (weight: 32.4 kg +/- 1.9 kg) underwent lung lavage to induce experimental lung injury before CT examinations. Scanning was performed using a MSCT-technique. The entire chest was scanned using a thin-collimated protocol (140 kV; 100 mAs). The examinations were performed in inspiratory breath-hold in supine and in prone positions. Scanning was repeated after reduction of the tube current time product down to 20 mAs. All other parameters were kept constant. Subjective image quality was rated using a six-point scale by three experienced radiologists. In addition, objective criteria, based on signal to noise measurements, were assessed. Finally, the extent, localization, and distribution of lung opacities was analyzed using dedicated postprocessing software. RESULTS: Subjective image quality was rated inferior in the low-dose MSCT-examinations (prone position: 2.1 vs. 3.0; supine position: 1.5 vs. 2.5). Hence, pixel noise was nearly doubled. However, exact information about the extent, localization and distribution of lung opacities was provided. There were no statistically significant differences between standard and low-dose MSCT in this respect. CONCLUSIONS: In the animal experiments, low-dose MSCT-scanning did not impair the diagnostic accuracy in ALI, offering an advantageous reduction of radiation exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Minimum anesthetic concentration of sevoflurane with different xenon concentrations in swine.

UNLABELLED: In a previous study, we described a partial antagonism of xenon (Xe) in combination with isoflurane. One hypothetical explanation suggested that Xe and isoflurane probably induced anesthesia via different pathways at the neuronal level. This warranted investigating the combination of Xe with other inhaled anesthetics to examine the relationship between Xe and volatile anesthetics in general. We therefore investigated the influence of Xe on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane. The study was performed in 10 swine (weight 30.8 kg +/- 2.6, mean +/- SD) ventilated with xenon 0%, 15%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 65% in oxygen. At each Xe concentration, various concentrations of sevoflurane were administered in a stepwise design. For each a supramaximal pain stimulus (claw clamp) was applied. The appearance of a withdrawal reaction was recorded. The sevoflurane MAC was defined as the end-tidal concentration required to produce a 50% response rate. At each Xe concentration, the animals' responses to the pain stimulus were categorized and a logistic regression model was fitted to the results to determine sevoflurane MAC. Sevoflurane MAC was decreased by inhalation of Xe in a linear manner from 2.53 with 0% Xe to 1.54 with 65% Xe. In contrast to Xe and isoflurane, the anesthetic effects of Xe and sevoflurane appear to be simply linear. IMPLICATIONS: We investigated the influence of the anesthetic gas, xenon, on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane. The study was performed in 10 swine ventilated with fixed xenon and various concentrations of isoflurane. The sevoflurane MAC is decreased by inhalation of xenon in a linear relationship.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

A long-term porcine model for measurement of gastrointestinal motility.

Animal models have become an essential tool in the investigations of gut motility under experimental conditions. To determine the influence of various anaesthetic drugs on the motility pattern of the gastroduodenal tract, a new long-term model has had to be developed for allowing measurements in conscious and unrestrained as well as in sedated and analgosedated pigs. Since mechanical ventilation influences gut motility, it was necessary that this animal model enabled the investigation of the effect of drugs causing sedation and analgosedation during spontaneous breathing. Seven male, castrated pigs, German landrace, 32-40 kg bodyweight (BW) were investigated in this study. After habituation of the pigs to local housing conditions over 5 days, the animals were trained over 4 days to prepare for experimental situations and investigators. Pigs were inserted with a central venous catheter and with percutaneous enterogastrostomy (PEG) under general anaesthesia. Intestinal motility was measured by intraluminal impedancometry. The catheter was introduced over the PEG into the stomach and positioned into the duodenum by duodenoscopy. Measurements were done in conscious, unrestrained pigs and with sedated, and analgosedated animals on subsequent days. The habituation and training of the pigs to the investigators and for the laboratory conditions took between 7 and 9 days. The initial anaesthesia protocol for the instrumentation using remifentanil/propofol led to pyloric spasm and was thus unsuitable for duodenal intubation with an endoscope. In contrast, a combination of ketamine/propofol enabled this procedure. It was practicable to measure gut motility in conscious, unrestrained pigs. Spontaneous breathing was sufficient under propofol sedation and analgosedation using fentanyl-propofol. Systematically local application of polividon iodine in the area of the subcutaneous catheters avoided the necessity of using systemic prophylactic antibiotics. In conclusion, the habituation and training for 9 days enabled the measurement of gut motility by intraluminal impedancometry in conscious pigs. The insertion of the catheter was done during general anaesthesia using a combination of propofol and ketamine. For the future determination of gut motility performed under general anaesthesia, each sedation and analgosedation concept has to be evaluated to see whether it allows spontaneous breathing or whether mechanical ventilation is necessary.

Animals↗