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Roberta B Ness

Publications and source records attributed to Roberta B Ness.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Pelvic inflammatory disease, the infection and inflammation of the female upper genital tract, is a common cause of infertility, chronic pain and ectopic pregnancy. Diagnosis and management are challenging, due largely to a polymicrobial etiology which is not fully delineated. Signs and symptoms of this syndrome vary widely, further complicating diagnosis and treatment. Due to the potential for serious sequelae, a low threshold for diagnosis and treatment is recommended. Since pelvic inflammatory disease has a multimicrobial etiology including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and anaerobic and mycoplasmal bacteria, treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease should be broad spectrum. Recent treatment trials have focused on shorter duration regimens such as azithromycin and monotherapies including ofloxacin, although data are sparse. Research comparing sequelae development by differing antimicrobial regimens is extremely limited, but will ultimately shape future treatment guidelines. Several promising short-duration and monotherapy antibiotic regimens should be evaluated in pelvic inflammatory disease treatment trials for compliance, microbiological and clinical cure, and reduction of subsequent adverse reproductive and gynecological morbidity.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Gender of offspring and maternal ovarian cancer risk.

OBJECTIVE: A single live birth compared to nulliparity significantly reduces the risk for ovarian cancer, but exactly how pregnancy reduces ovarian cancer risk is unknown. We sought to determine whether offspring gender, which differentially alters maternal hormonal milieu, may be associated with maternal ovarian cancer risk. METHODS: Parous women (n = 511) with incident ovarian cancer were compared to parous community controls (n = 1136) participating in a population-based case-control study of ovarian cancer (Delaware Valley, 1994-1998). In subgroup specific models for women with one, two, or three births, multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between ovarian cancer and offspring gender, adjusting for age, race, education, oral contraceptives, breast feeding, tubal ligation, and ovarian cancer family history. RESULTS: Compared to having all girls, women with all boys tended to have a reduced risk of ovarian cancer (OR = 0.80 95% CI: 0.58, 1.10), while women with boys and girls conferred the greatest protection (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.79). Among women with two births, the association was observed for those with one boy and one girl (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40, 1.00), but not for those with two male offspring (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.68, 1.85). This result was consistent among women with three births (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.84; OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.95; OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.20, 1.21; for one, two, and three boys, respectively, compared to all girls). CONCLUSION: Compared to having all girls, bearing both male and female offspring may be associated with a decrease in maternal ovarian cancer risk, although the biologic relevance of this observation is unclear.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Breast cancer risk factors and mammographic breast density in women over age 70.

BACKGROUND: Breast density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer, but little is known about factors associated with breast density in women over 70. METHODS: Percent breast density, sex hormone levels and breast cancer risk factor data were obtained on 239 women ages 70-92 recruited from 1986 to 1988 in the United States. Multivariable linear regression was used to develop a model to describe factors associated with percent density. RESULTS: Median (range) percent density among women was 23.7% (0-85%). Body mass index (beta=-0.345, p<0.001 adjusted for age and parity) and parity (beta=-0.277, p<0.001 adjusted for age and BMI) were significantly and inversely associated with percent breast density. After adjusting for parity and BMI, age was not associated with breast density (beta=0.05, p=0.45). Parous women had lower percent density than nulliparous women (23.7 versus 34.7%, p=0.005). Women who had undergone surgical menopause had greater breast density than those who had had a natural menopause (33.4 versus 24.8%, p=0.048), as did women who were not current smokers (26.0 versus 17.3% for smokers, p=0.02). Breast density was not associated with age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first birth, breastfeeding, estrogen levels or androgen levels. In a multivariable model, 24% of the variance in percent breast density was explained by BMI (beta=-0.35), parity (beta=-0.29), surgical menopause (beta=0.13) and current smoking (beta=-0.12). CONCLUSION: Factors associated with breast density in older, post-menopausal women differ from traditional breast cancer risk factors and from factors associated with breast density in pre-menopausal and younger post-menopausal women.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Accuracy and reliability of maternal recall of infant birth weight among older women.

PURPOSE: We assessed the accuracy and reliability of maternal recall of infant birth weight 35 to 70 years after delivery. METHODS: A total of 120 well functioning women (mean age 80 years; 45% Black) reported the birth weight for each live birth and then provided documentation of birth weights (n = 22) or reported birth weights a second time (n = 98). RESULTS: Agreement between recalled and documented birth weights was high for first births (ICC = 0.96) but moderate for subsequent births (ICC = 0.59). Maternal recall was highly reliable for first births (r = 0.95) and subsequent births (r = 0.87), and reliability remained high when considered separately by race, education, income, and age. CONCLUSION: Women report accurate and reliable infant birth-weight data an average of 57 years after delivery, and recall is particularly precise for first births.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Inflammation and triglycerides partially mediate the effect of prepregnancy body mass index on the risk of preeclampsia.

The objective of this study was to quantify the mediating role of inflammation and triglycerides in the association between prepregnancy body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) and preeclampsia. The authors conducted a nested case-control study of 55 preeclamptic women and 165 pregnant controls from the Pregnancy Exposures and Preeclampsia Prevention Study (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1997-2001). Serum samples collected at < or = 20 weeks' gestation were analyzed for levels of C-reactive protein and triglycerides. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) from a multivariable conditional logistic regression model assessing the total effect of body mass index on preeclampsia risk was compared with the AOR from the same model after results were controlled for C-reactive protein, triglycerides, and confounding factors (direct-effects model). The percentage of the total effect that was mediated through inflammation and triglycerides was calculated as 100 - [ln(direct-effects AOR)/ln(total-effects AOR)]. In the total-effects model, 4- and 8-unit increases in body mass index were associated with 1.7-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 2.3) and 2.9-fold (95% CI: 1.6, 5.2) increases in preeclampsia risk, whereas in the direct-effects model, these AORs were 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0, 1.9) and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.0, 3.8), respectively. Inflammation was a more important mediator than triglycerides. These findings suggest that approximately one third of the total effect of body mass index on preeclampsia risk is mediated through inflammation and triglyceride levels.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Trauma associated with acute myocardial infarction in a multi-state hospitalized population.

INTRODUCTION: Trauma has been suggested, in case series, as one of the nonatherosclerotic mechanisms leading to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the leading cause of death in the US. AMI following non-penetrating injury has been shown to carry significant morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hospitalized injuries in a large multi state population are associated with increased risk of AMI during the initial hospital stay. METHODS: Statewide injury hospital discharge data were collected from 19 states in 1997. Affected body regions of interest included thoracic, abdominal or pelvic, spine or back and blunt cardiac injury (BCI). The outcome of interest was AMI which was identified based on ICD-9-CM discharge diagnoses for the same visit. Unadjusted and adjusted multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Independent of confounding factors and coronary arteriography (CA) status, BCI was associated with 2.6-fold increased risk for AMI in persons 46 years or older. When the diagnosis of AMI was confirmed by CA, BCI was associated with 8-fold risk elevation among patients 46 years and older and a 31-fold elevation among patients 45 years and younger. Abdominal or pelvic trauma, irrespective of confounding factors and CA status, was associated with a 65% increase in the risk of AMI among patients 45 years and younger and 93% increase in the risk of among patients 46 years and older. When the diagnosis of AMI was confirmed by CA, abdominal or pelvic trauma was associated with 6-fold risk elevation among patients 46 years and older. CONCLUSION: Direct trauma to the heart, as characterized by a diagnosis of BCI, was observed to carry the greatest risk for AMI. Abdominal or pelvic trauma also increased the risk for AMI. Longitudinal studies are warranted to better understand the relationship between trauma and AMI.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Uric acid is as important as proteinuria in identifying fetal risk in women with gestational hypertension.

Gestational hypertension is differentiated into higher and lower risk by the presence or absence of proteinuria. We asked if hyperuricemia, a common finding in pregnancy hypertension, might also be an indicator of increased risk. We examined fetal outcome data from 972 pregnancies collected from 1997 to 2002 in a nested case-control study. Participants were nulliparous with no known medical complications. The frequency of preterm birth, the duration of pregnancy, frequency of small-for-gestational-age infants, and birth weight centile were determined for pregnancies assigned to 8 categories by the presence or absence of combinations of hypertension, hyperuricemia, and proteinuria. In women with gestational hypertension, hyperuricemia was associated with shorter gestations and smaller birth weight centiles and increased risk of preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age infants. Hyperuricemia increased the risk of these outcomes in the presence or absence of proteinuria. Risk was also increased in a small group of women with hyperuricemia and proteinuria without hypertension. Women with only hypertension and hyperuricemia have similar or greater risk as women with only hypertension and proteinuria. Those with hypertension, proteinuria, and hyperuricemia have greater risk than those with hypertension and proteinuria alone. The risk of these outcomes increased with increasing uric acid. Hyperuricemia is at least as effective as proteinuria at identifying gestational hypertensive pregnancies at increased risk. Uric acid should be reexamined for clinical and research utility.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A cluster analysis of bacterial vaginosis-associated microflora and pelvic inflammatory disease.

Controversy surrounds the association between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Women (N = 1,140) were ascertained at five US centers, enrolled (1999-2001), and followed up for a median of 3 years. Serial vaginal swabs were obtained for Gram's stain and cultures. PID was defined as 1) histologic endometritis or 2) pelvic pain and tenderness plus oral temperature >38.8 degrees C, leukorrhea or mucopus, erythrocyte sedimentation rate >15 mm/hour, white blood cell count >10,000, or gonococcal/chlamydial lower genital infection. Exploratory factor analysis identified two discrete clusters of genital microorganisms. The first correlated with BV by Gram's stain and consisted of the absence of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacillus, Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, anaerobic gram-negative rods, and, to a lesser degree, Ureaplasma urealyticum. The second, unrelated to BV by Gram's stain, consisted of Enterococcus species and Escherichia coli. Being in the highest tertile in terms of growth of BV-associated microorganisms increased PID risk (adjusted rate ratio = 2.03, 95% confidence interval: 1.16, 3.53). Carriage of non-BV-associated microorganisms did not increase PID risk. Women with heavy growth of BV-associated microorganisms and a new sexual partner appeared to be at particularly high risk (adjusted rate ratio = 8.77, 95% confidence interval: 1.11, 69.2). When identified by microbial culture, a combination of BV-related microorganisms significantly elevated the risk of acquiring PID.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Effect of smoking on uric acid and other metabolic markers throughout normal pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: Smoking, pregnancy, and preeclampsia are all associated with changes in markers of the metabolic syndrome. Several markers are increased in all three conditions. However, smoking is negatively associated with preeclampsia, and therefore some markers would be expected to behave differently in smokers during pregnancy. We compared several metabolic markers of the metabolic syndrome in healthy primigravid smokers and nonsmokers over normal pregnancy to explore mechanisms for the reduced risk of preeclampsia in smokers. STUDY DESIGN: Plasma was obtained from 63 women throughout pregnancy who delivered at term. Smoking status was determined by urinary cotinine concentrations measured by HPLC. Uric acid, creatinine, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were measured with diagnostic kits. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS: The smoking groups were not different by delivery gestational age, maternal age, body mass index, or race. Uric acid, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations increased during pregnancy (significant for time, P < 0.0001). Mean uric acid and creatinine concentrations were different by smoking status (P < 0.001 and P = 0.046). Nonsmokers had the lowest concentrations of uric acid, and women who quit smoking had the highest concentrations. Uric acid concentrations remained significantly different controlling for serum creatinine CONCLUSIONS: Women have changes in markers of the metabolic syndrome during pregnancy, and uric acid is further influenced by smoking. The difference in uric acid concentrations by smoking status may be secondary to increased production through the xanthine oxidase pathway but is not simply a result of altered glomerular function because the association persists after controlling for creatinine.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Short-term oral contraceptive use and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.

Oral contraceptive (OC) use has been consistently linked to a reduction in ovarian cancer in a dose-dependent fashion. Whether short-term OC use is protective remains controversial. In 1994-1998 in the Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania, the authors examined the association between short-term OC use and ovarian cancer in a population-based case-control study comparing 608 incident epithelial ovarian cancer cases with 926 community controls. Using unconditional logistic regression and adjusting for known confounders, they found a significant reduction in ovarian cancer risk for women who had used OCs for < or =6 months (odds ratio = 0.73, 95% confidence interval: 0.54, 0.99). This protective effect was observed in only that group who had used OCs for < or =6 months and stopped because of side effects (odds ratio = 0.59, 95% confidence interval: 0.40, 0.87 for side effects and odds ratio = 0.91, 95% confidence interval: 0.60, 1.37 for non-side-effects). Women who used OCs for >6 months were at a reduced risk independent of their reason for stopping. Results were similar when stratifying by parity and hormone therapy use. Thus, OC use for as little as 6 months provides significant protection against ovarian cancer risk, protection that appears limited to those women who stop using OCs because of side effects. Mediating factors may reflect endogenous hormone levels, OC metabolism, or OC bioactivity.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Systematic review: noninvasive testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

BACKGROUND: Testing of urine samples is noninvasive and could overcome several barriers to screening for chlamydial and gonococcal infections, but most test samples are obtained directly from the cervix or urethra. PURPOSE: To systematically review studies that assessed the sensitivity and specificity of nucleic acid amplification tests for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine specimens and to compare test characteristics according to type of assay, site of sample collection, presence of symptoms, disease prevalence, and characteristics of the reference standard. DATA SOURCES: Relevant studies in all languages were identified by searching the MEDLINE database (January 1991 to December 2004) and by hand-searching the references of identified articles and relevant journals. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were selected that evaluated 1 of 3 commercially available nucleic acid amplification tests, included data from tests of both a urine sample and a traditional sample (obtained from the cervix or urethra), and used an appropriate reference standard. DATA EXTRACTION: From 29 eligible studies, 2 investigators independently abstracted data on sample characteristics, reference standard, sensitivity, and specificity. DATA SYNTHESIS: Articles were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Summary estimates for men and women were calculated separately for chlamydial and gonococcal infections and were stratified by assay and presence of symptoms. The pooled study specificities of each of the 3 assays exceeded 97% when urine samples were tested, for both chlamydial infection and gonorrhea and in both men and women. The pooled study sensitivities for the polymerase chain reaction, transcription-mediated amplification, and strand displacement amplification assays, respectively, were 83.3%, 92.5%, and 79.9% for chlamydial infections in women; 84.0%, 87.7%, and 93.1% for chlamydial infections in men; and 55.6%, 91.3%, and 84.9% for gonococcal infections in women. The pooled specificity of polymerase chain reaction to gonococcal infections in men was 90.4%. In subgroup analyses, the sensitivity did not vary according to the prevalence of infection or the presence of symptoms but did vary according to the reference standard used. LIMITATIONS: Few published studies present data on the transcription-mediated amplification or strand displacement amplification assays, and few studies report data from asymptomatic patients or low-prevalence groups. CONCLUSIONS: Results of nucleic acid amplification tests for C. trachomatis on urine samples are nearly identical to those obtained on samples collected directly from the cervix or urethra. Although all 3 assays can also be used to test for N. gonorrhoeae, the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction assay in women is too low to recommend its routine use to test for gonorrhea in urine specimens.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed2005

Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 is increased in preeclampsia but not in normotensive pregnancies with small-for-gestational-age neonates: relationship to circulating placental growth factor.

CONTEXT: An excess of the soluble receptor, fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) may contribute to maternal vascular dysfunction in women with preeclampsia by binding and thereby reducing concentrations of free vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor (PlGF) in the circulation. The putative stimulus for increased sFlt-1 during preeclampsia, placental hypoxia due to poor perfusion, is common to both preeclampsia and idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction. However, the latter condition occurs without maternal vascular disease. OBJECTIVE: We asked whether, as with preeclampsia, sFlt-1 is increased and free PlGF is decreased in villous placenta and maternal serum of normotensive women with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates. STUDY DESIGN: This was a case-control study using banked samples. Groups of women with SGA neonates (birth weight centile < 10th) and women with preeclampsia were matched to separate sets of normal pregnancy controls based on gestational age at blood sampling (serum) or gestational age at delivery (placenta). RESULTS: sFlt-1 levels were higher in preeclamptics than controls (serum, P < 0.0001; placental protein, P = 0.03; placental mRNA, P = 0.007) but not increased in SGA pregnancies. PlGF was lower in both preeclampsia (serum, P < 0.0001; placental protein, P = 0.05) and SGA (serum, P = 0.0008; placental protein, P = 0.03) compared with their controls. PlGF in preeclampsia and SGA groups did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: These data are consistent with a role for sFlt-1 in the maternal manifestations of preeclampsia. In contrast to preeclampsia, sFlt-1 does not appear to contribute substantially to decreased circulating free PlGF in SGA pregnancies in the absence of a maternal syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

HPRT gene alterations in umbilical cord blood T-lymphocytes in newborns of mothers exposed to tobacco smoke during pregnancy.

Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke has been associated with an increased risk of pediatric malignancies, yet the transplacental induction of genetic alterations by tobacco smoke carcinogens and their implication to childhood diseases remain poorly understood. We characterized mutations in the HPRT gene in umbilical cord blood T-lymphocytes of self-reported 103 never-smoking mothers and 104 smoking mothers (54 mothers smoked throughout and 50 mothers quit smoking during pregnancy). The results showed the illegitimate V(D)J recombinase-mediated deletion of HPRT exons 2-3 was the most prominent alteration occurring in 48.2% (26/54) of mutants from neonates of the smoking mothers who smoked during pregnancy, compared with 28.0% (14/50) from those of smoking mothers who quit smoking during pregnancy (p=0.035, Fisher's exact test), 34.9% (36/103) from never-smoking mothers (p=0.08), or 32.7% (50/153) of those of neonates born from the latter two groups of mothers combined (p=0.043). There was no significant difference in the frequency of this deletion between neonates of the never-smoking mothers and the smoking mothers who quit smoking during pregnancy (34.9% versus 28.0%, respectively, p=0.39). The results show an increase in illegitimate V(D)J recombinase-mediated deletion of HPRT exons 2-3 in cord blood T-lymphocytes of newborns of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, compared with the group of mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy, implying an increase in illegitimate V(D)J recombinase-mediated alteration, a genetic recombination event associated with childhood malignancies, may be induced in utero during pregnancy by maternal exposure to tobacco smoke-derived genotoxicants.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Relations of gestational length and timing and type of incomplete pregnancy to ovarian cancer risk.

While the protective nature of parity with respect to ovarian cancer has been well documented, whether a history of incomplete pregnancy affects ovarian cancer risk is uncertain. Data collected from 739 epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 1,313 community controls in the Delaware Valley from 1994 to 1998 were used to evaluate the relation between gestational length and timing of first induced or spontaneous abortion and ovarian cancer risk. Incomplete pregnancy was not associated with ovarian cancer among nulliparous women or among ever-pregnant women either before or after adjustment for relevant confounders (for nulliparous women, odds ratio (OR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66, 1.89; for ever-pregnant women, OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.76, 1.18). Among unigravid women, one full-term pregnancy was more protective than an incomplete pregnancy (adjusted OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.57). These results were independent of the type of pregnancy loss. Among ever-pregnant women, a spontaneous abortion before a first birth provided significant protection (adjusted OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.75), while no significant effect was found for an induced abortion prior to a first birth (adjusted OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.44, 1.47). These data do not support an independent association between incomplete pregnancies, either spontaneous or induced, and ovarian cancer risk.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2005

Douching, pelvic inflammatory disease, and incident gonococcal and chlamydial genital infection in a cohort of high-risk women.

Douching has been linked to gonococcal or chlamydial cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in retrospective studies. The authors conducted a 1999-2004 prospective observational study of 1,199 US women who were at high risk of acquiring chlamydia and were followed for up to 4 years. Cervical Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis were detected from vaginal swabs by nucleic acid amplification. PID was characterized by histologic endometritis or pelvic pain and tenderness plus one of the following: oral temperature >38.3 degrees C, leukorrhea or mucopus, erythrocyte sedimentation rate >15 mm/hour, white blood cell count >10,000, or gonococcal/chlamydial lower genital tract infection. Associations between douching and PID or gonococcal/chlamydial genital infections were assessed by proportional hazards models. The 4-year incidence rate of PID was 10.9% and of gonococcal and/or chlamydial cervicitis was 21.9%. After adjustment for confounding factors, douching two or more times per month at baseline was associated with neither PID (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.42, 1.38) nor gonococcal/chlamydial genital infection (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.16, 95% confidence interval: 0.76, 1.78). Frequency of douching immediately preceding PID or gonococcal/chlamydial genital infection was not different between women who developed versus did not develop outcomes. These data do not support an association between douching and development of PID or gonococcal/chlamydial genital infection among predominantly young, African-American women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Calcitonin gene polymorphism CALCA-624 (T/C) and ovarian cancer.

In a previous analysis, we reported an inverse association of dietary calcium intake with the risk of ovarian cancer (Goodman et al. 2002. Am J Epidemiol 156:148-57). The CALCA gene codes for calcitonin, an important regulator of bone calcium metabolism. Data from a population-based case-control study conducted in Hawaii were used to examine the hypothesis that a T --> C transition 624 base pairs upstream (-624) of the translation initiation codon of the CALCA gene influences the risk of ovarian malignancy. A structured interview was conducted for 182 histologically confirmed ovarian cancer cases and 219 controls. Blood specimens were collected from the subjects at their homes. A significant negative trend (P for trend: 0.02) in the odds ratios (ORs) was found with increasing intake of calcium. Women with any CALCA C allele were at nonsignificantly higher risk of ovarian cancer (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.9-2.3) compared to women with the TT genotype and the risk increased with the number of C alleles (P for trend: 0.05). When further analyzed within ethnic subgroups, a significant positive association was found among Japanese for CALCA CT (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.0-5.3) and CALCA CC (OR: 7.2, 95% CI: 1.1-46.0) compared with Japanese women who were homozygous for the T allele. The trend in risk associated with the C allele was most significant among women who had used oral contraceptives (P for trend: 0.05), had been pregnant (P for trend: 0.04), and had nonmucinous histological types of ovarian cancer (P for trend: 0.02). However, the association of ovarian cancer risk with the CALCA genotype was not significantly modified by any of the dietary, nondietary, or clinical variables included in this study. These preliminary data suggest a strong positive association of the CALCA C allele with the risk of ovarian cancer among some subgroups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Association between allelic variants in cytokine genes and preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cytokine genotypes and preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a case-control study that examined cytokine genotypes among 150 primiparous preeclamptic women and 661 primiparous, normotensive women. Analyses were adjusted for age, prepregnancy cigarette smoking, and education. RESULTS: Preeclamptic white women were more likely than normotensive white women to carry the up-regulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha-308 A/A (odds ratio, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.1-15.3) genotype. Both black and white women with preeclampsia were more likely than normotensive control subjects to carry the interleukin-1alpha-producing-4845 G/G genotype (black odds ratio, 11.6; 95% CI, 1.5-89.3; white odds ratio, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.7-3.9), -889 C/C genotype (black odds ratio, 5.1; 95% CI, 0.6-41.6; white odds ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.8-4.7), and the interleukin-1alpha-4845/interleukin-1alpha-889/interleukin-1beta-3957 GCC/GCC haplotype (black odds ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3-8.7; white odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4-3.2). CONCLUSION: Cytokine genotypes were associated with preeclampsia and may identify women who are at high risk for preeclampsia.

Adult↗