Biomedical subjects

Robert K Herman

Publications and source records attributed to Robert K Herman.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

The molecular identities of the Caenorhabditis elegans intraflagellar transport genes dyf-6, daf-10 and osm-1.

The Caenorhabditis elegans genes dyf-6, daf-10, and osm-1 are among the set of genes that affect chemotaxis and the ability of certain sensory neurons to take up fluorescent dyes from the environment. Some genes in this category are known to be required for intraflagellar transport (IFT), which is the bidirectional movement of raft-like particles along the axonemes of cilia and flagella. The cloning of dyf-6, daf-10, and osm-1 are described here. The daf-10 and osm-1 gene products resemble each other and contain WD and WAA repeats. DYF-6, the product of a complex locus, lacks known motifs, but orthologs are present in flies and mammals. Phenotypic analysis of dyf-6 mutants expressing an OSM-6::GFP reporter indicates that the cilia of the amphid and phasmid dendritic endings are foreshortened. Consistent with genetic mosaic analysis, which indicates that dyf-6 functions in neurons of the amphid sensilla, DYF-6::GFP is expressed in amphid and phasmid neurons. Movement of DYF-6::GFP within the ciliated endings of the neurons indicates that DYF-6 is involved in IFT. In addition, IFT can be observed in dauer larvae.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase is essential for viability of Caenorhabditis elegans.

Homozygosity for a mutation in the idi-1 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans results in paralysis during the first larval stage, followed by an arrest of growth and development late in the first larval stage. Apoptotic corpses, which are apparently the result of normal programmed cell death, persist in the arrested larvae. In genetic mosaics, an additional defect becomes evident upon examination with Nomarski optics: cells that are genotypically mutant enlarge, and their cytoplasm becomes dimpled. Electron microscopy indicates that the dimpling reflects an accumulation of many enlarged lysosomes and autophagosomes. The mosaics demonstrate that the lethal mutation acts cell autonomously with respect to this vesicular abnormality and that there is a maternal effect with respect to the time of developmental arrest of mutant progeny. Cloning of the gene reveals that it is the only gene in C. elegans for isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase, an enzyme that is important for the synthesis of lipophilic molecules, including farnesyl and geranyl diphosphates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

SMU-2 and SMU-1, Caenorhabditis elegans homologs of mammalian spliceosome-associated proteins RED and fSAP57, work together to affect splice site choice.

Mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans gene smu-2 suppress mec-8 and unc-52 mutations. It has been proposed that MEC-8 regulates the alternative splicing of unc-52 transcripts, which encode the core protein of perlecan, a basement membrane proteoglycan. We show that mutation in smu-2 leads to enhanced accumulation of transcripts that skip exon 17, but not exon 18, of unc-52, which explains our finding that smu-2 mutations suppress the uncoordination conferred by nonsense mutations in exon 17, but not in exon 18, of unc-52. We conclude that smu-2 encodes a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein that is 40% identical to the human RED protein, a component of purified spliceosomes. The effects of smu-2 mutation on both unc-52 pre-mRNA splicing and the suppression of mec-8 and unc-52 mutant phenotypes are indistinguishable from the effects of mutation in smu-1, a gene that encodes a protein that is 62% identical to human spliceosome-associated protein fSAP57. We provide evidence that SMU-2 protects SMU-1 from degradation in vivo. In vitro and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicate that SMU-2 and SMU-1 bind to each other. We propose that SMU-2 and SMU-1 function together to regulate splice site choice in the pre-mRNAs of unc-52 and other genes.

Alternative Splicing↗

PubMed2004

The identities of sym-2, sym-3 and sym-4, three genes that are synthetically lethal with mec-8 in Caenorhabditis elegans.

On the basis of synthetic lethality, five genes in Caenorhabditis elegans are known to be redundant with the mec-8 gene, which encodes a protein that contains two copies of an RNA recognition motif (RRM) and affects alternative RNA splicing. The molecular identities of two of the redundant genes, sym-1 and sym-5, were previously reported. The remaining three genes have now been cloned, and their synthetically lethal phenotypes with mec-8 are described in more detail. Animals homozygous for mec-8 and sym-2 loss-of-function mutations die during late embryogenesis. The SYM-2 predicted protein contains three RRMs; we propose that SYM-2 and MEC-8 can substitute for each other in promoting the maturation of the transcripts of a vital gene. Animals homozygous for mutations in mec-8 and in either sym-3 or sym-4 have the same striking defect: they arrest development just prior to or just after hatching with a pharynx that appears fully formed but is not properly attached to the body cuticle. sym-3 encodes a protein of unknown function with orthologs in Drosophila and mammals. sym-4 encodes a WD-repeat protein and may also have orthologs in Drosophila and mammals. We propose that SYM-3 and SYM-4 contribute to a common developmental pathway that is redundant with a MEC-8-dependent pathway.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2003

Investigating C. elegans development through mosaic analysis.

The analysis of genetically mosaic worms, in which some cells carry a wild-type gene and others are homozygous mutant, can reveal where in the animal a gene acts to prevent the appearance of a mutant phenotype. In this primer article, we describe how Caenorhabditis elegans genetic mosaics are generated, identified and analyzed, and we discuss examples in which the analysis of mosaic worms has provided important information about the development of this organism.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

MEC-8 regulates alternative splicing of unc-52 transcripts in C. elegans hypodermal cells.

Previous work has shown that C. elegans MEC-8 is a putative RNA-binding protein that promotes specific alternative splices of unc-52 transcripts. unc-52 encodes homologs of mammalian perlecan that are located extracellularly between muscle and hypodermis and are essential for muscle development in both embryos and larvae. We show that MEC-8 is a nuclear protein found in hypodermis at most stages of development and not in most late embryonic or larval body-wall muscle. We have also found that overexpression of MEC-8 in hypodermis but not muscle can suppress certain unc-52 mutant phenotypes. These are unexpected results because it has been proposed that UNC-52 is produced exclusively by muscle. We have constructed various tissue-specific unc-52 minigenes fused to a gene for green fluorescent protein that have allowed us to monitor tissue-specific mec-8-dependent alternative splicing; we show that mec-8 must be expressed in the same cell type as the unc-52 minigene in order to regulate its expression, supporting the view that MEC-8 acts directly on unc-52 transcripts and that UNC-52 must be synthesized primarily by the hypodermis. Indeed, our analysis of unc-52 genetic mosaics has shown that the focus of unc-52 action is not in body-wall muscle but most likely is in hypodermis.

Alternative Splicing↗