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Biomedical subjects

R Wise

Publications and source records attributed to R Wise.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Maternal and neonatal plasma transthyretin (prealbumin) concentrations and birth weight of newborn infants.

Animal studies have shown that maternal protein deficiency during pregnancy affects fetal birth weight. This study has examined whether or not the fetal birth weight of full-term newborns has any relationship with the acute protein nutrition status of the mother. Protein nutrition status was assessed by measuring the plasma transthyretin (prealbumin) concentrations. Plasma transthyretin concentrations (mean +/- SE) from the cord blood of 20 newborns (10.9 +/- 0.5 mg/dl) were significantly lower (p < 0.000000001) compared with respective maternal concentrations (17.8 +/- 0.8). There was a significant correlation of transthyretin concentrations between mother and newborns (r = 0.61, p < 0.005), and of newborn birth weight with plasma transthyretin concentrations of newborns (r = 0.57, p < 0.01) and mothers (r = 0.51, p < 0.03). This study documents a relationship of fetal birth weight with maternal and newborn plasma transthyretin concentrations.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1994

Differential activation of right and left posterior sylvian regions by semantic and phonological tasks: a positron-emission tomography study in normal human subjects.

A previous study of brain activation in normal subjects during a phonological (Phonemes) task and a lexical semantic (Words) task using positron-emission tomography [3] is complemented by new data after a method for image realignment was applied [17]. The pattern of cerebral blood flow increases associated with Words compared with Phonemes, involved several foci of activation but these were not exclusively distributed in the left hemisphere as it also included the right angular gyrus, suggesting a participation of the right hemisphere in lexical semantic processes. Conversely, by comparison to Words, Phonemes activated left-sided perisylvian regions, involving the inferior part of the left supramarginal gyrus, in accordance with previous results on verbal short-term memory [12].

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Determination of OPC-17116, a new fluoroquinolone, in human alveolar macrophages and other biological matrices by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

A sensitive and reproducible high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed for the determination of cell-associated levels of the new fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, OPC-17116 (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.). The assay consisted of a reverse phase C18 analytical column with fluorescence detection at 288 nm and was used to measure levels of OPC-17116 in the constituents of bronchoalveolar lavage (epithelial lining fluid and alveolar macrophages). Thus it was possible to measure drug concentration at specific sites in the respiratory tree. This is especially important because of differences that may exist between these levels and those found in serum. In addition, a good correlation was found between the HPLC assay and an established microbiological assay.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1994

Comparative microbiological activity and pharmacokinetics of cefprozil.

In vitro studies on the activity of cefprozil have been conducted in Europe and North America. Against gram-negative bacilli, cefprozil and cefaclor are at least two to four times more active than cephalexin. Cefixime is more active against these organisms. Against gram-positive cocci, cefprozil is at least two to four times more active than cefaclor and cephalexin; cefixime has limited gram-positive activity, and is particularly inactive against staphylococci (MIC90 32 mg/l). Cefprozil is highly active against Streptococcus pneumoniae (unlike cefixime). Those strains of this genus that display intermediate resistance to pneumococci are more susceptible to cefprozil than cefaclor. Neisseria species and Moraxella catarrhalis are susceptible to cefprozil (MIC90 0.06 and 1 mg/l). beta-lactamase-producing strains of Haemophilus influenzae appear to be susceptible to cefprozil, as the reported MIC90 is 2-4 mg/l. Enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and those strains of the Enterobacteriaceae that commonly possess a chromosomal cephalosporinase (e.g., Providencia, Morganella and Enterobacter) are generally considered to be resistant to cefprozil as well as to other oral cephalosporins. Cefprozil appears to display enhanced stability to the commonly encountered Tem-1 and SHV-1 plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases, as found in Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the Enterobacteriaceae. Cefprozil is rapidly absorbed, reaching a maximum concentration 0.9 to 1.2 h post-dose. Following oral doses of 250 and 500 mg, the Cmax is 6.2 and 10.0 mg/l respectively. Serum half-lives are generally reported as between 1.2 and 1.4 h, and urine recovery is high, 57-70%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1994

Vitamin E and the hypercoagulability of neonatal blood.

This study examines whether vitamin E deficiency has any role in the hypercoagulability of neonatal blood. Blood was collected from mothers and their full-term placental cords. Vitamin E was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography and whole blood clotting time was measured by recalcification. Cord plasma had significantly lower vitamin E (P < 0.0001) compared with maternal plasma. Whole blood clotting time of cord blood was significantly (P < 0.002) shorter compared with the clotting time of maternal blood. There was a significant correlation between plasma vitamin E and whole blood clotting time (r = 0.54, P < 0.04) of cord blood. The addition of standard vitamin E to cord blood in vitro resulted in prolongation of whole blood clotting time. This suggests that a deficiency of plasma vitamin E can shorten whole blood clotting time in newborns, which may have a role in the disseminated intravascular coagulation frequently experienced by newborn infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A PET study of cognitive strategies in normal subjects during language tasks. Influence of phonetic ambiguity and sequence processing on phoneme monitoring.

We previously demonstrated using PET in normal subjects (Démonet et al., Brain 1992; 115: 1753-68) that, by comparison to a reference task of monitoring for pure tones, a phoneme monitoring task involving two factors of complexity (sequence processing and perceptual ambiguity) activated Wernicke's area and Broca's area. In the present experiment, we explored the respective influence of these factors on brain activation. In addition to the reference task, four phoneme monitoring tasks in non-words were used with stimuli presented binaurally. These included an easy, non-sequential, unambiguous task; a perceptually ambiguous, but non-sequential task; a sequential, but perceptually unambiguous task; a sequential and ambiguous task identical to the one we used in our previous study. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow were measured in nine right-handed volunteers using PET and infusion of H2(15)O. The sequential unambiguous task was associated with the same pattern of activation as that observed for the equivalent non-sequential task, i.e. activation of Wernicke's area. The two tasks with perceptual ambiguity gave rise to activations in the left fusiform gyrus and in Broca's area, respectively. Activation of the left fusiform gyrus in the perceptually ambiguous but non-sequential task suggests a prominent role for a strategy involving phoneme-to-grapheme transcoding in subjects, who thereby attempted to visualize non-words that they could not decipher auditorily. Activation of Broca's area in the sequential and ambiguous task reproduces our previous result and suggests that subjects resorted to a predominantly verbal rehearsal strategy when performing this task.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of single-dose ciprofloxacin 400 mg i.v. and 750 mg po.

The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin following single doses of 400 mg i.v. and 750 mg po were compared in six healthy volunteers. Concentrations of ciprofloxacin were measured in plasma, cantharides induced blister fluid and urine, by microbiological assay and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mean peak plasma concentration was 6.7 +/- 1.4 mg/L after i.v. and 3.9 +/- 1.7 mg/L after oral administration with mean elimination half-lives of 4.2 and 4.0 h respectively. Mean area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) was greater following oral administration (19.2 +/- 1.1 mg/L.h versus 14.2 +/- 1.1 mg/L.h). Blister fluid peak concentrations following i.v. and oral administration were 2.6 +/- 1.3 mg/L and 2.28 +/- 1.2 mg/L respectively. The elimination half-life from blister fluid was 4.1 +/- 1.1 h and the AUC 13.8 +/- 1.1 mg/L.h following i.v. administration compared with 4.6 +/- 1.5 h and 20.3 +/- 1.3 mg/L.h for the oral dose. A mean of 50.8% of i.v. administered drug and 39.6% or orally administered drug was excreted in urine in 24 h as measured by HPLC. The corresponding values by microbiological assay were greater, suggesting excretion of active metabolites. Both i.v. and oral doses produced levels in blister fluid concentration above the MICs for most Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria spp. at 12 h post dose. The pharmacokinetic data from inflammatory fluid indicate that ciprofloxacin 400 mg i.v. is more equivalent to 750 mg po than the plasma pharmacokinetic data suggest.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Mucosal concentration and excretion of clindamycin by the human stomach.

Each of 12 patients undergoing routine diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy received a single iv infusion of clindamycin phosphate 300 mg over 10 min. During the endoscopy, mucosal biopsies of the gastric antrum and fundus were obtained at varying times following the infusion. The clindamycin concentrations in the biopsies and in serum samples also taken after the infusion were determined. In addition, six healthy volunteers participated in a cross-over study on two different days. On both days, each subject received a single iv infusion of clindamycin phosphate 300 mg, immediately after which, gastric secretion was stimulated by iv pentagastrin (2 micrograms/kg/h) which was infused continuously over 150 min. On one of the study days, acid secretion by the stomach was inhibited by a slow iv infusion of ranitidine 50 mg. Clindamycin concentrations in gastric aspirates and serum samples collected after the infusion were determined. Concentrations of clindamycin in the fundal mucosa were significantly higher than the simultaneous serum concentrations (median ratio of tissue concentration to serum concentration, 2.0; P < 0.005) while concentrations in the antral mucosa were similar to those in serum (median ratio, 1.2; P = 0.65). Ranitidine significantly inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion as demonstrated by a decrease in the volume of gastric aspirate when ranitidine was administered compared with when it was not administered (P < 0.01). Clindamycin concentrations in gastric juice were approximately one and one-half times higher than those in serum samples obtained simultaneously, both during stimulation of gastric acid secretion with pentagastrin and during inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion with ranitidine. Gastric juice concentrations of clindamycin were significantly higher following administration of ranitidine than after stimulation of gastric secretion by pentagastrin alone. Fundal mucosal and gastric juice concentrations of clindamycin exceeded the hypothetical maximum serum concentrations, indicating that accumulation in the stomach occurred against a concentration gradient.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The in-vitro activity of FK-037, a new broad spectrum injectable cephalosporin.

The in-vitro activity of the parenteral cephem FK-037 was compared to those of cefpirome, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefixime, amoxycillin and co-amoxiclav. Against the Enterobacteriaceae FK-037 was generally > or = 16-fold more active than cefuroxime and two- to four-fold more active than ceftazidime and similar in activity to cefpirome. Pseudomonas aeruginosa displayed similar susceptibilities to ceftazidime and FK-037 (MIC90 4 and 8 mg/L respectively). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were inhibited by < or = 4 mg/L of FK-037. The MIC of FK-037 for 90% of Streptococcus pneumoniae was 0.5 mg/L. Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis were inhibited by < or = 2 mg/L FK-037.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1994

Pharmacokinetics and distribution in tissue of FK-037, a new parenteral cephalosporin.

A single 1-g or 2-g intravenous dose of the cephalosporin FK-037 was given over 30 min in a cross-over-designed study, to each of six healthy male volunteers, and the concentrations of the drug were measured in plasma and cantharides-induced blister fluid over the subsequent 12 h. Urine was collected over 24 h. After a washout period of 6 weeks, during which the blisters healed, the study was repeated at the other dose level. Following the 1-g dose, the mean peak concentration in plasma was 83.8 micrograms/ml, and after the 2-g dose it was 142.6 micrograms/ml. The mean peak concentrations in the inflammatory fluid were 37.9 and 63.3 micrograms/ml, respectively. The mean elimination half-lives from plasma and inflammatory fluid were 2.0 and 2.5 h, respectively, after 1 g and 2.0 h and 3.7 h, respectively, after 2 g. The amounts of penetration into inflammatory fluid (as assessed by ratios of areas under the concentration-time curves) were 109.9 and 110.5% following doses of 1 and 2 g, respectively. The proportions of the administered drug recovered in the urine by 24 h were 87.6 and 85.7%, respectively. Our results indicate that FK-037 should prove to be efficacious in the treatment of a wide range of systemic infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

In vitro activities of two glycylcyclines.

The in vitro activities of two glycylcyclines, CL 329,998 and CL 331,002 (two new semisynthetic tetracyclines), were evaluated in comparison with those of tetracycline and other available oral antimicrobial agents. A total of 523 recent clinical isolates were studied, including strains resistant to tetracycline. Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae were generally > or = 16-fold more susceptible to the glycylcyclines than to tetracycline (although less difference was seen with Proteus spp.). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was modestly susceptible to both new compounds (MIC for 90% of strains tested [MIC90], 16 micrograms/ml). Tetracycline- and methicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus were all susceptible to the glycylcyclines (MIC90 < or = 1 microgram/ml). Streptococci (including Streptococcus pneumoniae) and Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium displayed a bimodal distribution of susceptibility to tetracycline yet were uniformly susceptible to the glycylcyclines (MIC90 < or = 0.25 microgram/ml). The glycylcyclines were highly potent against Neisseria, Moraxella, Haemophilus, and Bacteroides spp. (MIC90 < or = 0.5 microgram/ml). Strains of Chlamydia spp. (three C. trachomatis strains and one C. pneumoniae strain) were inhibited by < or = 0.25 microgram of CL 329,998 or CL 331,002 per ml. Two strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae were inhibited by < or = 0.12 microgram of CL 331,002 per ml and by 1 microgram of CL 329,998 per ml. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium were resistant to the two glycylcyclines (MIC > or = 8 micrograms/ml). These results indicate that the two glycylcyclines have potent in vitro activities against a wide range of clinically important pathogenic bacteria.

Bacteria↗