THE RELATION OF THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF EGG WHITE TO ITS GERMICIDAL ACTION.
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Journal Article↗
Biomedical subjects
R Whitaker
Publications and source records attributed to R Whitaker.
Glaucoma: what the ophthalmic nurse should know.
Glaucoma is both an international and a national public health issue. Worldwide, glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness. More than 2 million persons in the United States have glaucoma, yet only half of them are aware that they have the disease. The diagnosis of glaucoma requires an extensive ocular examination. Glaucoma consists of a group of ocular diseases that result in optic disk cupping and visual field loss. Although glaucoma is a blinding disease, in most cases, blindness may be prevented through early detection and treatment. Glaucoma management is determined by the type of glaucoma a person has.
Glaucoma↗
Guidelines for gynecological cancer-an audit of current network documents in England and Wales.
The objective of this study was to assess the adequacy of network cancer guidelines paying particular attention to referral criteria, referral routes, tumor diagnosis, staging, and suggested management and care pathways for ovarian and endometrial cancer. Guidelines from 15 regions in England and Wales were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively as a prospective audit of predefined data items and subsequently agreed management recommendations. Details of unit and center clinicians were included in a minority of documents (2 to 5/15). Multidisciplinary team membership was not usually offered (6/15). Among the least reported data items were histopathology minimum dataset for endometrial cancer and an algorithm for management or summary and clinical symptoms and signs for both cancers. Among the most reported data items were hysteroscopy and ultrasound scanning for endometrial cancer and CA125 and chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Qualitative analysis revealed differing criteria for the use of endometrial biopsy and radiotherapy in endometrial cancer, for lymphadenectomy and management of recurrent disease in ovarian cancer, and for referral pathways and the use of computed tomography/magnetic resonance (MR) scanning in the assessment of either disease. This study concludes that consideration should be given to the development of national guidelines or templates to ensure consistency of management for gynecological malignancy in England and Wales.
Female↗
Relationship between expression of coactivators and corepressors of hormone receptors and resistance of ovarian cancers to growth regulation by steroid hormones.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether aberrant expression of hormone receptor corepressors or coactivators or defects in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription might underlie resistance of ovarian cancers to hormonal therapy. METHODS: Northern analysis, Western analysis, and polymerase chain reaction were used to examine expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), the nuclear receptor corepressors N-CoR and SMRT, and the steroid receptor coactivator BRG-1 in ovarian cancer cell lines and primary cancers. The effect of BRG-1 transfection on ER-mediated transcription was examined. We also determined the effect of estrogen and the pure estrogen antagonist ICI 182,780 on cell cycle profile and expression of ER. Finally, we examined the ability of estrogen to upregulate expression of known estrogen-responsive genes. RESULTS: Among primary ovarian cancers, 18 of 52 (35%) expressed N-CoR, and 37 of 52 (71%) expressed SMRT, but there was no correlation between expression of corepressors and hormone receptor status. All of the primary ovarian cancers and cell lines expressed BRG-1. Estrogen stimulation of two cell lines expressing ER (SKOV3, OVCA 432) elicited low levels of ER-mediated transcription that was not enhanced by BRG-1 transfection. ICI 182,780 did not induce cell cycle arrest in these cell lines, but there was evidence of downregulation of ER, indicating a ligand-receptor interaction. However, estrogen did not elicit increased transcription of estrogen-responsive genes (PR, myc, fos, pS2). CONCLUSION: Inappropriate expression of the nuclear corepressors N-CoR and SMRT or the coactivator BRG-1 does not underlie the resistance of ovarian cancers to hormonal therapy. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the inability of ovarian cancers to undergo ER-mediated transcription if we hope to understand their resistance to hormonal therapy.
Blotting, Northern↗